Scientific journal «Plant and Soil Science»
ISSN: 2706-7696 (Online), ISSN: 2706-7688 (Print) Scientific Herald of NULES of Ukraine. Series: Agronomy → Scientific journal «Plant and Soil Science» Subject: Agriculture, crop, soil science, agricultural chemistry, breeding, horticulture, harvest handling, storage and processing of crop production. Year established: 2010 Founders: National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Published 4 times a year Certificate of registration: KV № of 17091-5861 28.09.2010 Registration MES of Ukraine: Order number 528 of 12/05/2015 Speciality DAK: Agriculture Languages of the publication: Ukrainian, Russian, English. Address: Heroyiv Oborony st., 15, Kyiv-03041, Ukraine. Phone: +38 044 527 87 20 Indexed in the following international scientometric databases: Ulrichsweb AGRIS Google Scholar MIAR BASE ResearchBib The main purpose of the journal is the promotion of agronomy and related areas. Its main purpose is publishing articles of problem-techniques in production, synthesis and methodical, which highlights research results with statistical data with theoretical and practical significance relevant to agriculture and not previously published. <a href="https://www.google.com.ua/maps/place/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B/@50.3847323,30.4999163,14.5z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x9350245bf49c543d!8m2!3d50.3836994!4d30.4947743?hl=ru">
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Long-term monitoring of aridization in agriculture before change and for climate change in Ukraine
The results of systematic monitoring in Ukraine of drought manifestations by the method of generalization of spring, summer and autumn droughts conducted by I. Ye. Buchynsky for 1872-1969 and our meteorological generalizations by types of weather (1951-1984) and clearly expressed zonal climate changes (1985-2006) and statistical and local signs of climate aridization at the meteorological station in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe (" Shepherds ") – 2006-2020, covering a total historical period of 150 years. According to the spatial distribution of droughts, determined by a single method, from 1982 to the late 60s of the twentieth century. Mainly in the south of Ukraine, in 2 years. The number of moderate and extensive droughts since the early twentieth century. (11-30 % of the area of distribution), characteristic of the summer period, and they are repeated in the south in 4-5 years. Catastrophic droughts (more than 50%) are characteristic of large areas for every tenth year, which, since the last quarter of the nineteenth century and to the 50s of the twentieth century. Ended in famine for the population (especially the droughts of 1891, 1921, 1947). Subsequent droughts in 1963 and 1968 were characterized by abnormal weather conditions, but without a food crisis, which was associated with the beginning of chemicalization and the increase in agricultural crops. Meteorological indicators of six stations in different climatic zones for 1951-1981 and 1985-2008 indicate a zonal systematic increase in positive air temperatures with decreasing precipitation, the deficit of which is compensated by the system of agriculture with moderate saturation of organic and mineral fertilizers, which have a stabilizing effect extreme years. From the last quarter of the twentieth century. Climate change has been identified, which is related not only to the greenhouse effect, but also to the frequency that depends on the ecliptic of the globe. Particularly noticeable climate change in recent decades, accompanied by a systematic increase in air temperature and increasing aridity of the climate, and requires humanity to new technical and technological solutions.
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Influence of farming systems and soil tillage of wheat main pests
The intensification of agriculture has a number of negative consequences, and the conservation of land resources during their active exploitation is an important problem nowadays, paying attention to the ever-growing food increase necessity. The world organic farming practice shows that we are very limited in the agricultural crops pests regulation. Artificial natural enemies increasing and the landscape altering to enhance biological control are not popular solutions and have contradictory efficiency. Monitoring of the winter wheat entomocomplex number was carried out according to conventional methods. It was performed at 48 plots, where 12 variants were placed in 4 replicates during 2019 - 2021. The article contains the research results show that farming systems have a significant impact on the main winter wheat pests, and that they can control the ecological system at the level of the economic harm threshold. The way the soil was treated did not change the number of Schizaphis graminum R., Eurygaster integriceps P., and Oulema melanopus L., while chisel cultivation of 20–22 centimeters provided regulation of Anisoplia austriaca H. and Haplothrips tritici Kurd number way more below the dangerous level for years of observation. Whenever the soil was treated to a depth of 6-8 centimeters, the number of these pests increased significantly and varied from 2.0 ind./m2 to 14.4 ind./m2. Therefore, this data shows the efficiency of insecticidal winter wheat treatments multiplicity reduction in an ecological system without the risk of crop loss due to the plant damaged by pests in combination with chisel soil cultivation.
The influence of drop irrigation and loading of inflorescences on the growth and development of the mother bushes of grapes
The high yield of grafted grape seedlings and their quality depend on many factors, including the quality of graft and rootstock components, which in turn is determined by proper care of the mother plantations of grape. Their farming techniques should be aimed at better growth and maturation of shoots. On mother bushes, the technological reception of shoot fragments is mandatory, partial removal of inflorescence is not so common in the agricultural techniques of mother plantings, but has a positive effect on the overall development of plants. Mother plantings should be irrigated if possible, as insufficient moisture supply negatively affects the condition of the bushes throughout the growing season and winter. In this work, the effect of partial removal of inflorescence (load of inflorescence 100, 75 and 50% of their total number) on mother bushes and the effect of different irrigation regimes (levels of pre-irrigation soil moisture 90, 80 and 70% of the lowest moisture capacity) on the condition of mother plantations, in particular on physiological, biochemical and biometric parameters of plants. It is shown that irrigation of bushes and reduction of inflorescence load to 50 and 75% of their total number stimulated the accumulation of chlorophyll in the leaves of mother plants, improved watering of leaf tissues, increased respiration during active growth and development of grapes. There is a positive effect of irrigation and reducing the load of inflorescence bushes to 50 and 75% on the biometrical parameters of mother grape bushes. The largest values of the total length of shoots and the degree of their maturation were in the bushes of variants with 90% the lowest moisture capacity, 50% inflorescence, 80% the lowest moisture capacity 50% inflorescence, 70% the lowest moisture capacity 50 and 75% inflorescence. Thus, effective irrigation regimes and reducing the load of inflorescence contributed to the growth of medium and strong full-fledged shoots, which are more productive.
The method of obtaining soil's water-physical properties via their a granulometric composition
The method of obtaining water-physical properties of soils (basic hydrophysical characteristics (BHC) and moisture conductivity function) is presented. These properties, or functions, allow us to describe the vertical movement of moisture in unsaturated soils as one of the components of the expenditure item of the water balance. They are widely used in the substantiation of water reclamation and in the modeling of moisture transfer in the soil. The method is based on laboratory studies of soil samples taken in the field on the granulometry composition. The results of laboratory test now in Ukraine are usually obtained by the method of Kaczynski with two components, the percentage of clay and sand. They are graphically, with the help of integral (cumulative) curves are transformed into data corresponding to the international classification - with three components: the content of sand, dust, clay. The latter fractional distribution is used by the world community of soil scientists. Therefore, using data on the content of sand, silt, clay, using a computer program with open access "Rosetta" USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) the water-physical properties in the form of water constants: the saturated soil moisture, the residual soil moisture, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the coefficients of the equations of the mathematical model of van Genuchten are calculated. The publication provides examples of calculation of water-physical properties of soils by the presented method of dark chestnut soils and ordinary chernozems. The advantages of the proposed method include the low complexity of experimental studies, the availability of analyzes and the presence of many experimental studies of the granulometry composition of soils, including in literary sources. As a development of the research direction, the author shows the application of the obtained dependence for modeling moisture transfer during water reclamation (irrigation in irrigation control systems.). Regarding the directions of future research, the publication recommends comparing the accuracy of obtaining water-physical properties of soils by different methods, as well as obtaining an important water constant - the field capacity (FC) as the lowest field moisture content.
integral (cumulative) curves of distribution of soil fractions
Hydrogen mode of black earth normal in tekhnology "No-till»
Studies of the influence of different technologies of ordinary chernozem cultivation on the reserves of productive moisture for growing corn for grain and winter wheat in the steppe zone of Ukraine The parameters of productive moisture at the technology of growing field crops with "zero tillage" of the soil ("No-till") relative to the shelf plowing are determined. Inserted. That the system "No-till" contributes to a significant reduction in moisture loss due to unproductive evaporation at a high rate of absorption of precipitation, provides reliable protection of soil from erosion. When covering the soil surface close to 100% in summer under corn, the reserves of productive moisture in the root layer are 1.5 and more times higher than the corresponding reserves with traditional technology; in the absence of mulch, the humidification regime with the technology without tillage is more intense than traditional. The regime of soil moisture under winter wheat for corn for silage is better by "zero" technology, but no significant difference between the options for an average of 3 years. In the snowless winter with "zero" technology with mulch, the height of snow cover was 3.2 times higher than traditional technology. It was found that a prerequisite for growing crops without tillage in the area of insufficient moisture is the creation of a thick layer of mulch due to the non-commodity share of crop yields, which in crushed form remains on the soil surface. Projective mulch coverage of 100% or close to this level is the key to the widespread introduction of cultivation technologies without tillage in arid steppe conditions.
Characteristics of the source material, which resistant to ear blight of wheatgrass and root rots, for breeding of winter wheat
Diseases of winter wheat significantly reduce grain yield and quality. Losses of gross grain yield because of them annually make 20-30%, and in epiphytotic years – 50%. An effective measure to limit the development of winter wheat diseases is the introduction of resistant varieties. Successful development of selection work in this direction is impossible without the use of a gene pool of stable forms. Among the genetic resources of wheat are genotypes that are resistant to several pathogens simultaneously, and therefore have special value as sources of group resistance. There is a constant need to identify new sources and donors of resistance to pathogens, the search for which is a relevant area of research and requires constant screening of the gene pool. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat is constantly working to create a source of breeding material for winter wheat, resistant to major pathogens, which are then used by breeders. According to the selection program for resistance to ear blight of wheatgrass and root rot, the following lines have been created: Lutescens F. g. 163/19, Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, which are used by breeders of the institute and transferred to the National center for plant genetic resources of Ukraine. According to the indicator of the vegetation period duration, the line Erythrospermum F. g. 164/19 in which the growing season was 238 days, which is 3 days less than the standard variety Podolyanka. It belongs to the group of early forms. High weights of 1000 grains were observed in the lines Erythrospermum Fg164/19 – 50.6 g, Erythrospermum Fg166/19 – 49.3 g, Erythrospermum Fg163/19 – 46.5 g and Erythrospermum Ch177/19 – 47.3 g. In terms of yield, the standard exceeded the Lutescens F. g. 163/19 – at 38.8 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – at 39.6 g/m2, Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19 – at 26.7 g/m2. High protein content was discerned at lines Erythrospermum F. g. 166/19 – 16.5% and Erythrospermum C. h. 177/19 – 15.8%. The highest level of gluten content in grain was recorded in the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 41.2%. The best in terms of sedimentation are the following lines: Lutescens F.g.163/19 – 70 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.164/19 – 67 ml, Erythrospermum F.g.166/19 – 71 ml. Evaluating the lines created under the program of resistance against pathogens of ear blight of wheatgrass, it was found that the line Lutescens F.g.163/19 showed high resistance to the pathogen powdery mildew (lesion – 1.0%) and Septoria leaf blotch (lesion – 3.0%). Ear blight of wheatgrass did not exceed 5.0%. Resistance against two pathogens (ear blight of wheatgrass, powdery mildew) was distinguished by the line Erythrospermum F.g.166/19, and against Fusarium wilt and Septoria leaf blotch – Erythrospermum F.g.164/19. Lines created under the program of resistance to root rot Erythrospermum C.h.177/19 and Erythrospermum C. h. 175/19, showed relative resistance to this pathogen – lesions of 10.0 and 10.5% and had high resistance to powdery mildew – lesions of 2.0%.
Spectral evaluation of winter wheat varieties and breeding lines during the restoration of spring vegetation
Development of new and introduction of existing methods of field estimation of genotypes of winter wheat is one of the key tasks of modern selection. The use of modern screening methods in breeding allows the breeder to obtain a more objective assessment, as well as to increase the volume of the studied samples. The time of restoration of spring vegetation (TRSV) is one of the most important stages of the vegetation period of winter wheat. Biometric and spectral evaluation of winter wheat with the onset of TRSV makes it possible to establish how plants of a certain genotype overwintered, as well as the state of their growth and development before the second growing season. The aim of the study was to establish the peculiarities of growth and development of plants of modern varieties and promising selection lines of winter wheat of the V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat from sowing to the restoration of spring vegetation. Hydrothermal conditions of the period of germination-TRSV differently affected the reproductive process of the studied genotypes of winter wheat. According to research, abnormally arid conditions from sowing to the end of autumn vegetation in 2019 had a negative impact on the condition of winter wheat plants, which were in phase 10-13 according to the international classification of BBCH, autumn tillering did not occur. Regardless of the genotype, the plants of the first sowing period were more developed. At the time of resumption of spring vegetation in terms of biometric and spectral indicators better than the standard Podolyanka (NDVI = 0.52) were: varieties MIP Dnipryanka (NDVI = 0.58), MIP Lada (NDVI = 0.56), Balada Myronivska (NDVI = 0.56) and lines Lutescens 37519 (NDVI = 0.55) and Erythrospermum 55023 (NDVI = 0.58). During the second sowing period, the MIP Dnipryanka variety (NDVI = 0.45) and the selection lines Lutescens 37519 (NDVI = 0.44) and Erythrospermum 55023 (NDVI = 0.43) were isolated. The Podolyanka standard variety had an NDVI index value of 0.43. Varieties MIP Lada and Balada Myronivska are more sensitive to sowing dates and require a longer period of autumn vegetation to accumulate more dry matter and better winter dormancy.
Biological efficacy of herbicides against apera spica-venti and other weeds in winter wheat crops during autumn application
The autumn application of herbicides in is an effective measure to control the most harmful species of winter weeds, such as Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Veronica persica, Consolida regalis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Descurainia Sophia, Vicia villosa etc. These measures are especially effective in the early stages of wheat growth, starting from the seed germination stage, when it is most sensitive to the presence of weeds. The article presents the results of two-year studies on the biological effectiveness of herbicide Pledge 50, WP in different periods of development of winter wheat (BBCH 00, 11, 12, 14 and 16) alone and in a mixture with herbicides partners: Zenkor Liquid 600, SC, Marathon, SC, Granstar Gold 75, WG, Grodil Maxi 375, OD and adjuvant Skaba, EC. As a result, it was found that the biological effectiveness of the studied herbicides against Apera spica-venti and other winter and winter weeds differed significantly depending on the phase of development of winter wheat at the time of their application. Pre-ceed application of herbicides does not provide proper control of Apera spica-venti and other winter and winter weeds. For the period of spring vegetation of wheat, the control of Apera spica-venti with the use of 0.1 kg / ha of Pledge 50, WP was 69.0 %, with an overall efficiency of 68.0 %. Application of 0.4 l / ha Zenkor Liquid 600, SC provided indicators, respectively, 66.1 and 71.4 %. The application of 0.1 kg / ha of Pledge 50, WP to the BBCH 11 phase of wheat provided high control efficiency of Apera spica-venti and all weeds in general with rates of 91.2 and 87.6 %, respectively. The use of a reduced rate of 0.08 kg / ha Pledge 50, WP in the BBCH 12 phase did not reduce both the overall effectiveness against weeds – 87.4 % and Apera spica-venti, in particular – 93.1 %. The use of Pledge 50, WP (0.1 kg / ha) in the BBCH 16 phase was slightly worse, but the acceptable effect was 84.2 % against Apera spica-venti and 83.6 % overall. The best control of Apera spica-venti and all weeds in general was obtained using a mixture of Pledge 50, WP + Granstar Gold 75, WG + Skaba adjuvant, EC (0.06 kg / ha + 0.025 l / ha + 0.05 l / ha) in the phase of BBCH 14 – 97.5 and 99.2 %, which is at the level of Zenkor Liquid 600, SC + Grodil Maxi 375, OD (0.35 l / ha + 0.11 kg / ha). Significantly the highest yield of winter wheat in the experiment was obtained by application of a mixture of Pledge 50, WP + Granstar Gold 75, WG + adjuvant Skaba, EC (0.06 kg / ha + 0.025 l / ha + 0.05 l / ha) in the phase BBCH 14 – 7.56 t / ha, which is 59.8 % better than control.
Formation the elements of productivity of winter wheat by seed dressing application the slow-acting complex fertilizers
Optimization of plant nutrition in the initial stages of the development is important for the formation of productive elements of the main and additional spikes and grain yield. The article presents the results of the studying of the effect of slow-release chlorine-free fertilizers in seed dressing application at the rate of 100 kg/ha on the formation of productive elements in winter wheat compared with the zone control (nitroammophoska) and a variant without fertilizers. Field research was conducted in 2019–2021 on winter bread wheat cultivars Bohdana and Samurai. The fertilizers produced by FertinAgro were studied: DuraSOP with the content of NPK(S) – 9:20:12:(15), 10:10:17:(20), and 4:26:12:(10). It is established that the influence of weather conditions on the variability of grain weight per spike, grain number per spike, thousand kernel weight significantly exceeded the studied factors in both cultivars. The formation of productivity elements under the impact of the studied fertilizers depended on the cultivars and manifested themselves in different ways in different weather conditions. DuraSOP fertilizers did not have a significant difference in the effect on grain number and weight per spike in cv. Bohdana compared to the control in arid conditions, but grain weight from spike increased to 1.74–1.78 g compared to the application of nitroammophoska, and grain number per spike varied insignificantly under favorable conditions. Application of DuraSOP fertilizers in cv. Samurai allowed to form 1.17–1.21 g of grain in spike under the arid conditions and 1.47–1.49 g – in the favorable conditions, which did not differ significantly from the control. The DuraSOP ActiBION increased the number of productive shoots by 8.4% and DuraSOP Phos – by 7.7% in cv. Bohdana, while only DuraSOP Phos significantly affected the productive shoots in cv. Samurai (an increase of 3.8%). Application of slow-release fertilizers allows obtaining grain yield of 6.58 to 7.03 t/ha in cv. Bohdana and 6.61–6.80 t/ha in cv. Samurai. Fertilizers have higher efficiency in cv. Bohdana, while there was a significant increase in cv. Samurai only when DuraSOP Phos was applied (0.31 t/ha or 4.8%). The application of slow-release fertilizers also increases the protein content in the grain by 0.3-0.5%. Sensitivity of cultivars to different ratios of macronutrients in pre-sowing fertilizers is one of the elements of technology that have a high impact on wheat cultivation, so the use of effective forms can increase yields up to 11.4% compared with typical fertilizers.
The influence of Pseudomonas Fluorescens Bacteria and substances of stimulating nature on the productivity of the soybean plant and the damage of seeds by pathogens
Soybeans are a strategic legume for global agriculture and play an important role in ensuring the food security of many countries. At the same time, biotic factors, in particular pathogens, prevent high and high-quality crop yields. Their control is carried out using various methods and techniques. However, with an excessive increase in the use of chemical pesticides, the ecological situation in agrocenoses becomes more complicated. Therefore, it is important to reduce the pesticide load in crop production technologies. The aim of the research is to evaluate the influence of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria and substances of stimulating nature on the productivity of soybean plants and seed damage by pathogens. The experiments were performed in the conditions of the Ukrainian Plant Quarantine Research Station of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS. The soil of the experimental plot is gray forest podzolic heavy loam. Xenia soybean variety was used for research. Field research was performed according to generally accepted methods. Soybean crops were sprayed during the growing season in the following periods: true trifoliate leaf, flowering and bean formation. For the treatment of soybean plants used a preparation based on bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens with a titer of 3 x 109 CFU/cm3 with a rate of 5.0 l/ha when used in combination with substances with stimulant action. Over the years of research, the amount of precipitation (in some months of the growing season of soybean plants) was higher than the average monthly long-term norm. Pre-harvest desiccation of crops was not performed. Phytopathological examination of seeds obtained from soybean plants under different treatments was carried out according to DSTU 4138-2002. Studies have shown a positive effect of the drug based on P. fluorescens and substances of a stimulating nature on the biometric parameters of soybean plants and their productivity. In particular, the weight of 1000 seeds in the variants with spraying of plants increased in the range from 16 to 66 g. There was also a decrease in infection of soybean seeds with pathogens of fusarium wilt, Alternaria and penicillosis - fungi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, Alternaria spp. and Penicillium expansum Link. The study of immunoprotective and stimulating effects of combinations of biocomplexes is promising for the development of environmentally friendly measures to increase soybean yield and reduce seed damage by pathogens.
Agrophysical properties of soil for winter barley cultivation in Transcarpathia of Ukraine
The article presents importance, objectives and results of different methods of basic tillage under different predecessors for its agrophysical properties for growing winter barley in Transcarpathia Ukraine. Soils of the experimental field are soddy podzolic gleyed, which contain on average 2.6% humus in the humus horizon. With depth, the amount of humus decreases gradually and at a depth of 100-130 cm it reaches another 1,0-1,7%. The soil is typical for the research area, on average provided with mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Qualitative assessment of the surveyed soils showed that the soils require constant use of organic and mineral fertilizers, liming and crop rotation. Soil density is an important indicator of the physical properties of the soil, which affects not only on soil conditions, but also on its quality of cultivation, which ultimately effects on the yield and quality of the crop. During the sowing period of winter barley, the most favorable indicators of the bulk density of 0-10 cm of the soil layer were provided by all main tillage systems. The average soil density in the variants of the main cultivation ranged from 1.09 to 1.17 g/cm3, at HIP0,5 0.01 g/cm3. At a depth of 10-20 cm, the average volumetric mass of the soil during plowing was 1.14 g/cm3, during chisel cultivation it was without significant differences – 1.15 g/cm3. Conducting shallow tillage by 12-14 cm and surface by 6-8 cm was accompanied by an increase in bulk density to 1.16 and .1.19 g/cm3, respectively. Situation was similar in the soil layer 20-30 cm: for shallow tillage the average density was at the level of 1,24 g/cm3, and for surface - 1.25 g/cm3. Predecessors didn't significantly effect on the change in the density of the tillage layer of the soil. However, after maize for grain and sunflower, there is a tendency to increase the bulk density of the soil after shelfless shallow and surface tillage, especially in the lower layers of the soil. This soil density was at the level of 1.24-1.26 g/cm3, which didn’t exceed the optimum. Loosened in the process of mechanical tillage of the soil during the growing season under the influence of its own weight, moisture and drying self-compacts to equilibrium density. Therefore, during the period of earing and harvesting of winter barley, the soil was gradually compacted to natural values. In the 0-10 cm layer of soil the bulk density varied in the range of 1.20-1.27 g/cm3, in the soil layer 10-20 cm – 1.25-1.30 g/cm3 and 20-30 cm – 1.34-1.37 g/cm3. Density (porosity) is important for the effective activity of microorganisms, growth and development of the root system of plants and accumulation of moisture in the soil. It was found that long-term use of shelf and shelf-free tillage didn’t reduce the overall density below 50% of the structure of the treated layer, which ensured high productivity of cultivated plants. With shelf-free surface and shallow tillage, the total slit in the lower layers was up to 50% of the structure of the cultivation layer, and in some cases less than 47%. This structure of the cultivation layer negatively affected on the water and air regimes of the soil, the growth and development of the root system and, ultimately, the yield of winter barley. The highest yield of winter barley was obtained after buckwheat, winter rape and soybeans (6.0-6.3 t/ha) for selfless chisel tillage by 20-22 cm. After corn for grain and sunflower, the yield was 5.1-5.7 t/ha.
Realization of genetic potential of sunflower hybrids under the influence of nutritional conditions
The use of microfertilizers on the background of the main fertilizer helps to increase the efficiency of plant use of nutrients of mineral fertilizers and soil, which provides increased yields and improved quality indicators of the crop. The aim of the research was to establish the influence of culture conditions and selection of high-yielding hybrids (NK Diamantis, SI Kupava, NK Neoma) for specific soil and climatic conditions through the formation of their productivity. Field research was conducted during 2018–2019 on typical low-humus chernozems of the Chernihiv region. The research program provided for the establishment of a three-factor field experiment, which studied hybrids (factor A) fertilizer options (factor B) and foliar fertilization (factor C) in phase 4 and 8 sunflowers leaves with Ecoline Bor, Nertus Bor, Bast Bor. The studied sunflower hybrids are NK Diamantis, SI Kupava, NK Neoma. Studies have shown that the most productive was the hybrid SI Kupava with the maximum yield on the variant with the use of N36R56K108S28 + N23 + Ecoline Boron (in phase 4 and 8 leaves of 1 l / ha) - 3.46 t / ha. The fat content in the seeds of sunflower hybrids was determined by the morphobiological features of the hybrid and fertilizer options. The use of foliar fertilization with trace elements had a positive effect on the fat content in the seeds of sunflower hybrids, which allowed to obtain the maximum value for the option of making N36R56K108S28 + N23 + Ecoline Boron (5-6 leaves) in plants of the hybrid SI Kupava - 51.1%. The maximum content of oleic acid was found in the hybrid SI Kupava on the variant with the introduction of N27R42K81S21 + N23 + Ecoline Boron (5-6 leaves) - 77.2%. Due to the use of fertilizers containing boron, the content of this polyunsaturated acid can be increased by improving the quality of sunflower seed oil. The highest oil yield, according to the calculations, was obtained on the variant with the introduction of N36R56K108S28 + N23 + Ecoline Boron (5-6 leaves) in plants of the hybrid SI Kupava, which was 1.64 tons per 1 hectare.
The change of the main agrochemical indicators of the sod-podzolic soil for the submission of the municipal wasterwater under the artichoke
The studies have shown that the introduction of sewage sludge and compost made on its basis, significantly affects the change in the agrochemical parameters of the sod-medium-podzolic soil, increasing the content of the alkaline hydrolysed nitrogen compounds by 2.2 – 13.4 mg/kg of the soil compared to with control and determining the size of its values at the level of 51.2 – 56.5 mg/kg of the soil in the upper (0 – 20 cm) and 27.9 – 31.6 mg/kg – in the lower (20 – 40 cm) soil layer. The content of the ammonium nitrogen compounds in the variants with the fertilizer application fluctuated in a small range of the values (16 – 21 mg/kg of soil) and increases under the influence of increasing fertilizer doses. Together with the change in the content of the nitrate nitrogen, this contributed to an increase in the content of the mineral nitrogen compounds in the soil in the range of 18.5 – 23.4 mg/kg of the soil in arable (0 – 20 cm) and 19.8 – 21.9 mg/kg of the soil – in subsoil (20 – 40 cm) layers, which by 1.7 – 2.2 mg/kg of the soil exceeded the control variant. The highest indicators of the mineral nitrogen compounds were recorded in the variant where the highest dose of the sewage sludge was applied – 40 t/ha and mineral fertilizers (N10P14K58). Despite the wide range of the nitrogen content values of the alkaline hydrolysed compounds and mineral nitrogen compounds, their ratio remained stable and was 2.3 – 2.6 in the upper and 1.3 – 1.5 in the lower (20 – 40 cm) soil layer, and also decreased with the increasing dose of the fertilizer. That is, this indicator did not change significantly depending on the fertilizer application rate. The content of the mobile phosphorus compounds in the variants with the use of the fertilizers fluctuated in the range of the values (77.5 – 98.5 mg/kg of the soil) and increased under the influence of the introduction of the sewage sludge and compost based on it, which is 14.6 – 35.6 mg/kg of the soil was dominated by the control indicators. The highest rates of the mobile phosphorus compounds were recorded in the variant where the sewage sludge were applied – 40 t/ha and N10P14K58. The introduction of the sewage sludge at a rate of 20 – 40 t/ha contributed to an increase in the content of the potassium metabolites at the level of 89.3 – 97.2 mg/kg of the soil in the upper (0 – 20 cm) and 83.1 – 93.4 mg/kg – in the lower (20 – 40 cm) layer, which exceeded the indicators of the control variant by more than 42.1 mg/kg of the soil. The content of the potassium metabolic compounds increased somewhat less with the introduction of the composts based on the sewage sludge and straw. The results of the correlation-regression analysis indicate that the phosphorus concentration coefficient in the soil largely depends on the content of its mobile compounds and is marked by the coefficient of the determination R2 = 0.70. The potassium concentration coefficient is closely (R2 = 0.91) correlated with the content of its metabolic compounds in the soil.
Determination of pesticide residues by chromatographic methods for food safety
The paper presents the methodology of preparation of samples of oilseeds, lettuce, apples for research by chromatographic control of xenobiotics of the following chemical groups of pesticides: benzimidazole derivatives, anilinopyrimidine derivatives, bipyridylium derivatives. The implementation of the following processes is considered: homogenization of the sample, purification of the extract by solid-phase or liquid-liquid extraction, obtaining a plant extract, obtaining an extract of analytes. For fine-grained homogenized samples of sunflower seeds, the optimal ratio of raw material -extragent is 1:20, for pasty homogenized samples of apple fruit - 1:10, for liquid samples of homogenized lettuce - 1: 5. Analysis of the distribution of xenobiotics in the system octane/water, the dipole moment of solvents allowed to determine the extractants that are able to dissolve and remove xenobiotics from raw materials. It was found that a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (4: 1) should be used to remove benzimidazole derivatives and anilinopyrimidine derivatives, bipyridylium derivatives are best extracted with methanolic trifluoroacetic acid (9.5: 0.5). Quantitative analysis of xenobiotics content in extracts obtained from samples artificially enriched with xenobiotics was performed. The most complete xenobiotics were removed from samples of plant products containing traces of fat. The most difficult process of sample preparation is the process of obtaining sunflower seed extract. The content of xenobiotics in extracts obtained from samples artificially enriched in analytes is influenced by the temperature at which the process takes place and the duration of extraction. Based on the chemical composition of the sample matrix and the list of analytes, the conditions of the variable component of the methodology are proposed: obtaining plant extract under the action of selective solvents, homogenized raw material-solvent with constant stirring of the extraction system at 180-200 rpm, or under the action of ultrasonic vibrations with a frequency of 37 kHz from 4°C to 25°C for 5-25 minutes. The control of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the studied plant extracts and analyte extracts was investigated by the methods of high-performance liquid and gas chromatography (liquid and gas) with mass-selective detectors.
Influence abiotic factors on the growth and development of plants parsnip
The main factors that have a great influence on plant growth, as well as on increasing the yield and its quality characteristics, are biotic and abiotic. Combinations of abiotic stresses, such as drought and heat, have a much greater impact on yields and product quality. The response of plants to these stresses can vary depending on the species, as well as at different stages of development. Understanding the mechanisms and how they protect plants from stress has become vital to improving the yield and quality of parsnip products in changing climatic conditions. The research aimed to study the influence of abiotic factors (temperature and precipitation) on yield, duration of phenological phases of plant growth and development, dynamics of growth of leaves and roots of parsnip in the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted in the field experiment of the Department of Vegetable Growing and Closed Soil in NL "Fruit and Vegetable Garden" NUBIP of Ukraine in the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during 2015-2017. The area of the accounting plot was 11.3 m2, the repetition of the experiment was 4 times. The arrangement of the research plots was systematic. As a result of research, it is established that the shortest period of sowing-seedlings lasted 16 days in the options for sowing in the 3rd decade of May and the 1st decade of June. Significant delay for 21 days of this period was observed for sowing from the 1st to the 3rd decade of April. The duration of the period from the beginning of root formation to beam ripeness was the smallest for sowing in the 1st decade of April – 28 days, and the largest for sowing in the 1st decade of June – 51 days. The vegetation period ranged from 110 to 165 days and passed for the sum of temperatures (> 10 °С) 1102.4-1439.0 °C and the sum of precipitation 128.1-225.2 mm. During sowing in April, an intensive increase in root crops from 2.9 to 3.5 g/day was observed in the second half of August. During sowing in May, the largest increase in root crops from 2.1 to 2.7 g/day was observed in the first half of September. Thus, for sowing in the 1st decade of June, this figure was highest in the second half of September (1.9 g/day). The option for sowing in the 1st decade of April provided a high yield of root crops of 50.3 t/ha, which is 5.3 t/ha or 11.8% significantly more than the control. When sowing in the following periods, a significant decrease in yield was observed compared to the control, namely: for the 3rd decade of April – by 3.5 t/ha, or 7.7%, for the 1st decade of May – by 8.8 t/ha, or 19.6%, for the 2nd decade of May – by 17.4 t/ha, or 38.6%, for the 3rd decade of May – by 23.0 t/ha, or 51.1%, for the 1st decade of June – by 31.7 t/ha, 70.6% compared to the control. There was a direct strong relationship (r = 0.74-0.99) between the growing season and yield, root weight, marketability, and biochemical parameters, namely: dry matter, dry soluble matter, sugars, vitamin C. The inverse of the strong (r = -0.98) was observed between the duration of the growing season and nitrates. Increasing the growing season by 10 days increases the yield to 6.9 t/ha, marketability up to 2.7%, root weight up to 31 g, dry matter content up to 0.7%, dry soluble matter up to 0.3%, sugars up to 0,5%, vitamin C to 0.8 mg/100 g and reduces the nitrate content to 8.4 mg/kg. Leaf area, photosynthetic potential, net photosynthesis productivity are in strong direct connection (r = 0.92-0.98) with yield. As the leaf surface area increases to 1.0 thousand m2/ha, the yield increases to 0.7 t/ha. Increasing the photosynthetic potential to 0.05 million m2 per day/ha increases the yield to 0.2-1.2 t/ha. Also, the yield increases to 0.3-0.7 t/ha by increasing the net productivity of photosynthesis to 0.05 g/m2 per day. Promising for further study is molecular knowledge of plant responses to abiotic stress, likely to pave the way for making crops resistant to climate change and increase the economic efficiency of production.
Qualitative characteristics of the fungus Cyclocybe Aegerita Strains 2229, 2230, 2231 under industrial cultivation conditions
The “poplar” mushroom C. aegerita has fruiting bodies that are attractive for their appearance and tasty properties. It is also known that mushrooms contain unique substances, especially proteins, polysaccharides, and aromatic terpenes with enhanced nutritional and medicinal value. However, the lack of a well-founded technology of cultivation using available agriculture wastes interferes with the domestic market saturation with this mushroom. Three strains of C. aegerita from the IBK mushroom culture collection were investigated on the possibility of introducing them into the industrial culture. The vegetation cycle of strains 2230 and 2231 was found to have a duration of 42 days versus 46-64 days for the previously studied strains. The highest yield was obtained in the study for strain 2231, which yielded from 217 to 220 grams per kilogram of the substrate during three cycles of cultivation. The biological efficiency of the strains as a result of the first fructification flush was from 20,2 (2229) to 60.4 % (2231), which is in agreement with the published data of other investigators. The external appearance was described in detail and parameters of fruiting bodies of strains were analyzed, which differed from each other both by shape and size. Microclimatic conditions for the study, strains 2230 and 2231 had brown caps, whereas the formed fruiting bodies of strain 2229 were distinguished by a pleasing milky cream color. The heaviest fruiting bodies were formed in strain 2229 (7.5±0.4 g), which was an average of 2 g higher than the weight of fungi of other strains studied. The highest fruiting bodies were found in strain 2230 at a height of 91.0±1.8 mm, which also had the widest cap with a 29.5±0.9 mm diameter. The greatest diameter of the stipe, reaching an average of 10.8±0.3 mm, was observed in fruiting bodies of strain 2229. The variability of morphological characters and the tendencies in the number of fruiting bodies of a certain size in the total volume of harvested mushrooms were investigated, which can help in the design of packing and marketing measures.
Influence of systematic fertilizer on soil fertility for corn growing on grain
The article presents the results of research on the systematic application of organic and mineral fertilizers as the indicators of fertility of gray forest soil and the formation of corn yield per grain. It was determined that in the five-field field crop rotation during the cultivation of the crop, soil backgrounds with different physical and chemical properties were formed. Application of litter manure (direct action) at a dose of 60 t / ha on the background of moderate rates of fertilizers (N40-80R30-60K40-80) contributed to the neutralization of the soil solution to the values of slightly acidic reaction (pH sol. - 5.2-5.3 units), whereas in the absence of manure (mineral fertilizer system) the pH of the salt remained within the medium acid reaction. The most effective in terms of humus condition of the soil was the organo-mineral fertilizer system (12 t / ha of manure + N80P60K80) and organic (12 t / ha of manure per 1 ha of crop rotation area), respectively, the content of total humus was - 1.35 and 1.37% or in percentage terms by 25-27% higher compared to the control (without fertilizers) - 1.08 t / ha. Optimization of nutrient regime (hydrolyzed nitrogen, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium) of the soil at the end of rotation was provided by the organo-mineral fertilizer system (N100P60K100 against the background of 60 t / ha of manure). The highest productivity of corn for grain (9.49 t / ha) was provided by the organo-mineral fertilizer system (60 t / ha of manure + N100P60K100), which is 86% higher than the control (without fertilizers), under these conditions the largest collection of crude protein was obtained – 0, 98 t / ha.
Peculiarities of change in number and composition of winter wheat rhizosphere microbiome in the process of ontogenesis
In agroecosystems, microorganisms are the main factor in the soil formation process, plant nutrition and phytosanitary condition of the soil. Therefore, all measures aimed at restoring soil fertility and increasing productivity, environmental safety of agricultural production are closely linked to the activities of microorganisms. Increased local activity, biomass and diversity of microbiota are one of the most important characteristics that distinguish the rhizosphere from the total soil volume. The aim of the research was to study the number and composition of the microbial complex of the rhizosphere of cereals (winter wheat of different varieties of domestic selection) in the process of ontogenesis. To conduct a set of microbiological studies, soil samples were taken and prepared (typical chernozem) in compliance with the standard requirements for sample preparation and storage of samples in the laboratory. The analysis of rhizosphere soil samples was performed according to the variants of different varieties of winter wheat of domestic selection. The number of soil microorganisms was determined by the method of inoculation of suspensions on nutrient media according to generally accepted methods in microbiology. Determination of the total microbial biomass in the soil was carried out by the rehydration method, and the intensity of "respiration" of the soil, respectively, by the release of CO2 and O2 absorption by the manometric method (Warburg apparatus). It is established that varietal specificity is significantly related to the peculiarities of microbiome formation in different phases of plant growth and development, which is an integral indicator of functional and metabolic activity of soil microorganisms. The number and composition of the microbial complex of winter wheat rhizosphere in the process of ontogenesis changes significantly, especially in the ratio of the number of spore-forming and non-spore forms of microorganisms under the same conditions of crop cultivation. The total pool of saprotrophic microorganisms of the rhizosphere demonstrates the variability of biomass and changes in favor of ecoplastic Bacillus. An increase in the number of spore-forming bacteria to 4.2 x 107 CFU/g in the variants of growing certain varieties was found. It is shown that in the cultivation of different varieties of winter wheat there are stable indicators of the intensity of CO2 emissions - from 5.2 to 7.0. A similar trend can be traced to the absorption of O2 (not more than 5.3-6.8).
Yield of winter wheat depending on preceding crops in the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine
The realities of the current state of Ukraine's economy show that the share of agricultural production in its structure is 15-18 %, and in the case of state support, may increase to 25 %. The main task of agricultural production is food security of the state, and the successful solution of this problem largely depends on the level and rate of growth of grain farming. Due to its high nutritional value, winter wheat occupies a leading place among the most important grain crops. In world agriculture, it is one of the three strategically important agro-food crops (wheat, rice, corn). Therefore, world food security depends on the state of development of wheat production. The potential of modern adaptive technologies for growing winter wheat is 30-50% increase in its yield from the current level. However, the main obstacle to the growth of wheat production may be climate change, which results in deteriorating moisture supply. Given that moisture reserves determine the agrochemical, agrophysical and biological properties of the soil, ensure the growth and development of plants, as well as the formation of elements of the crop structure. One of the determining factors in the formation of the water regime of the soil in winter wheat crops is the optimization of its placement in crop rotation after different preceding crops. The urgency of this issue has led to the choice of research. The article presents the peculiarities of the formation of available moisture reserves for the cultivation of winter wheat, depending on the preceding crops. It was found that in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe in terms of the ability to provide winter wheat for the sowing period (0-10 cm layer of soil) with available moisture, the preceding crops were placed as follows: winter rape-sunflower-soybean-corn for silage. At the time of sowing, sufficient moisture reserves in the 0-10 cm layer of soil were formed by placing winter wheat after peas and winter rape, respectively 11,5 and 10,9 mm. The highest yield of winter wheat on average in 2019-2021 at the level of 5,68 t/ha was ensured by its placement after peas. The use as a precursor of winter rape and soybeans reduced its yield by 4,40 and 5,40 %, respectively, which in absolute terms was 0,25 and 0,31 t/ha. After maize for silage and sunflower, crop yields decreased by 0,48 and 0,67 t/ha, respectively. The highest quality indicators of winter wheat grain - protein content of 13,1 and 13,3 % and gluten 25,2 and 25,5 % were obtained for its placement after legumes (peas and soybeans). Winter rape, as a preceding crops, provided grain quality indicators at the level of 13,0 % protein and 24,5 % gluten. When placed after sunflower and corn in silage, the protein content was 12,6 and 12,8%, and gluten – 24,0 and 24,1 %, respectively.
Influence of farming systems and soil tillage on available moisture stocks of typical black soil in spring wheat crops
Numerous studies by Ukrainian and foreign scientists have shown that one of the limiting factors for obtaining a stable yield of any crop is the reserves of available moisture in the soil, especially in critical periods of plant growth. The article presents the results of research on the impact of three farming systems – industrial (control), ecological and biological and four options for primary soil tillage – plowing by 20–22 cm (control), chiseling by 20–22 cm, disking by 10–12 cm, disking for 6–8 cm on the reserves of productive moisture in the soil for growing spring durum wheat. According to research, it is established that the highest moisture reserves in a meter of soil for the period of sowing wheat was obtained by combining the biological farming system and chisel tillage, which allowed to accumulate in 2018 – 199.1 mm, 2019 – 179.6 and 2020 – 159.9 mm of available moisture in the soil. The use of chisel tillage in combination with industrial and organic farming systems also provides an advantage in all years of observations over plowing combinations and both disking options with these systems. During the growing season, against the background of all studied agricultural systems, use of chiseling and disking provided the highest reserves of available moisture in the soil. However, the best option should be considered a combination of ecological farming system with chiseling by 20–22 cm, which provided for the flowering period in 2018 – 74.0 mm of moisture, 2019 – 93.7 and 2020 – 90.9 mm, and for the harvest period culture, these indicators were, respectively, 61.0, 67.7 and 61.6 mm. The grain yield of spring durum wheat in this variant was significantly the highest in the experiment and was, respectively, 4.6, 6.7 and 5.6 t/ha.
Effect of fertilizer on nutritional value of feed alfalfa-cereal grass mixtures in the conditions of the Right-bank Forest Steppe
One of the ways to reduce protein deficiency and produce complete feed is to grow alfalfa-cereal mixtures, which due to the optimal ratio of protein and carbohydrates, mineral salts and other valuable biologically active substances most fully meet the physiological needs of animals. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of mineral fertilizers on the nutritional value of alfalfa-cereal grass mixtures. Experimental studies were conducted during 2014-2016 on the research field of the Department of Forage Production, Land Reclamation and Meteorology, which is located in the NULES of Ukraine "Agronomic Research Station" on typical low-humus chernozem. According to the results of research, it was found that the inclusion of alfalfa in cereals increased the content of crude protein to a greater extent than the introduction of nitrogen in the dose N60 on the same cereal herbage at the same background P60K90. There are no natural differences in the accumulation of crude protein between alfalfa-cereal herbages with the participation of different cereal components on the same background. According to the results of research, the introduction of alfalfa into cereal herbage promotes the growth of protein and crude fat content in the feed and reduces the content of nitrogen-free extractive. Nitrogen fertilizers have the greatest effect on the chemical composition of grass feed on cereal grasslands - the application of N60 on the background of P60K90 in the dry weight of feed increases by 2.8% crude protein content and 26 g of feed unit digestible protein. Digestibility of dry matter of fodder of alfalfa and legume-cereal herbages, relative to pure cereal crops, increased by 2-5%. The composition of cereal components in legume-cereal mixtures and the fertilizer system did not significantly affect the digestibility of feed. The application of N60P60K90 + Fumar ensured the highest feed quality on all studied grasslands.
The effect of nanoparticles, multicomponent trace element preperation “Avatar-2 protection”, and microbial preparation “Azogran” on the productivity potato cultivar Suvenir Chernihivskyi in Polesia region conditions
Improvement of conventional methods of potato growing is an important task of modern agriculture. Nowadays nanoparticles (NPs) gain increasing attention of scientists as promising tools for increasing productivity of crop cultures. NPs of such elements as Fe, Zn, B, Si, Cu, Co, Se and Ag can significantly increase potato productivity. Ag NPs show synergic effect with some microbial preparations. However, the influence of such elements as Zn and Se on the productivity of potato and joint application of NPs with microbial preparations for pre-sowing treatment are not studied sufficiently. The influence of Ti and I NPs on potato productivity, the influence of NPs on Ukrainian potato cultivars, the influence of NPs on the potato productivity in Polesia region conditions are not studied yet. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of pre-sowing treatment of seed potatoes with Zn nanoparticles (NPs), Ti NPs, composition of Se + I NPs, composition of Zn + Ti + Se + I NPs NPs, “Avatar-2 protection” multicomponent trace element preparation, “Azogran” microbial preparation “Azogran” and the combination of “Azogran” preparation with the composition of Se + I NPs on the productivity of potato cultivar Suvenir chernihivskyi in the Polesia region conditions. Two small plot studies were planted for three years in order to conduct the study. Each small plot study had been performed on different soil types: soddy podzolic soil and alkaline chernozem. Studies were situated on the lands of the Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Production of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. It has been found that the composition of Se + I NPs, “Azogran” microbial preparation and the combination “Azogran” preparation with the composition of Se + I NPs had the most prominent influence on the potato productivity, increasing it on soddy podzolic soil by 33.13; 38.34 and 45.35 % respectively and on alkaline chernozem by 10.97; 17.98 and 37.27 % respectively. The composition of Se + I NPs and “Azogran” preparation are shown to develop synergic effect. The results of the study suggest high efficiency of the use of nanoparticles in potato growing.
Peculiarities of pigment complex functioning of winter wheat plants depending on the fertilizer application method
To obtain the maximum yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to further optimize the existing cultivation technologies in the direction of their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. One of the areas of adaptation of plants to adverse abiotic factors is the active functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, which depends on the amount of nutrients introduced. The influence of fertilizer application on the condition of the pigment complex of winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine has been studied. Two varieties of winter wheat were selected for the study: Shestopalivka and Mason. The experiment scheme involved the application of fertilizers at sowing (K0; K12) and foliar treatment with various tank mixtures (urea; urea + magnesium sulfate; urea + magnesium sulfate + potassium monophosphate). The pigment content has been determined by grinding fresh leaves of winter wheat, followed by the addition of a solvent in the form of acetone. Measurements of pigments were performed using a spectrophotometer. According to the research results, it was established that before the foliar treatment the a-chlorophyll content and carotenoids was higher in the plant leaves of the Shestopalivka variety. At the same time, the b-chlorophyll content on the contrary was higher for plants of the Mason variety by 17%, which may be due to the adaptation of plants of this variety to lack of light. On the 3rd day after foliar treatment, a decrease in the pigment content in the plant leaves of all experimental variants has been observed, which was due to the active growth of the photosynthetic surface and a decrease in the total dry matter mass. There was no significant difference between the varieties of the content of photosynthetic pigments in this period. On the 10th day after foliar treatment, an increase in a- and b-chlorophyll content has been observed for both studied varieties, which may be the result of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat plants to lighting conditions. Foliar treatment of winter wheat plants with a tank mixture of urea with magnesium sulfate and potassium monophosphate contributed to a further increase in the content of a-chlorophyll by 12-23%, and b-chlorophyll by 5-37% depending on the variety compared to the control. The results of the research testify to the high efficiency of complex application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers for foliar treatment of winter wheat plants in the BBCH 31 stage, both against the background of pre-sowing application of potassium fertilizers and without it.
Evaluation of parsnip varieties (Pastinaca Sativa l.) on productivity and adaptability in the conditions of the Right bank Forest steppe of Ukraine
The commodity output of parsnip was formed in the conditions of the Right‑Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine within the limits of the sum of active temperatures 1356‑1495 °С, the amount of precipitation 171‑318 mm and relative humidity 57‑64 %. The crop yield had an invert dependence on the sum of temperature and the direct dependence on the amount of precipitation, relative humidity of air and hydrothermal coefficient. The highest yield in the conditions of the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine provided the Stymul and Pulse varieties with a total yield of 46,2 and 44,8 tons/hectare, and the commodity output of roots of 89 and 88 %, accordingly. It was calculated that the varieties Pulse and Stymul had the highest selective value of the genotype (SCGi = 46,2 and 44,8 accordingly) for yield, high ecological stability (Sgi = 3,43 and 1,96 accordingly) and plasticity (bi = 1,47 and 0,89 % accordingly). The highest indicator of the total adaptive capacity for plant productivity was noted in the Stymul (ZAZ = 3,12) and Pulse (ZAZ = 1,76) varieties. According to the indicator of specific adaptive ability, the Stymul variety (SAZ = 2,52) and Pulse (ZAZ = 0,78) was distinguished. According to the biochemical composition of roots, the investigated varieties did not exceed the control. However, in Boris variety the content of dry matter (25,1 %), dry soluble substance (15,8 %) and sugar (6,4 %) was at the control level. All varieties showed high levels of vitamin C – 8,9‑10,1 mg/100 g. The varieties were not susceptible to accumulation of nitrates and their content varied from 67 to 80 mg/kg and was below the maximum acceptable level (MDR 250 mg/kg). The highest tasting score of 5,6 points got the Pulse. To obtain a consistently high root crop yield at the level 44,8‑46,2 tons/hectare and marketability of roots at the level of 88‑89 % with a high content of major biochemical components in the conditions of the Right‑Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine on medium-podzolic, roughly dusty, easy loamy soil with the usage of high-yielding of the varieties parsnips Pulse and Stymul.
Influence of fertilization with green manure and treatment on yield, economic and energy efficiency of spring barley
The influence of the application of fertilizers with green manure and soil treatment on the yield, economic and energy efficiency of spring barley has been studied. The aim of the work was to identify the impact of the implemented tillage systems with elements of minimization and fertilization with elements of biologization on the productivity and economic performance of spring barley. It is established that in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine the aftereffect of application of high norms of organic and mineral fertilizers on typical chernozem has a positive effect on spring barley yield, increasing it, compared to control, by 0.55–1.10 t/ha per plowing, by 0, 65–1.35 t/ha for deep tillage and 0.55–1.30 t/ha for shallow tillage. It was found that the highest crop yield (3.85 t/ha) was obtained against after shallow tillage and aftereffects of fertilizer application with manure. The use of fertilizers helped to increase the protein content in the grain of spring barley. The influence of tillage systems on the protein content of barley was reliably noted only in the variant of fertilizers with straw & green manure. The use of shallow tillage with organic manure and fertilizer provides a decrease of 142.9 UAH/t of the cost of production, an increase of 886 UAH/ha of net profit and a 21.2% reduction in energy consumption compared to plowing.
Antagonistic activity of dominant strains of bacteria of spring barley rhizosphere against phytopathogenic micromycetes
The purpose of the work. The aim of the study was to conduct research on the manifestation of the dominant representatives of the bacterial biome of the rhizosphere of spring barley antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic micromycetes. Research methods. The standard diffusion method of double culture in Petri dishes was used to study the antagonistic properties of the dominant strains of rhizosphere bacteria. The level of antagonistic activity of microorganisms was assessed by the indicator (%) of inhibition of growth and development of the mycelium of micromycetes Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. 23.2, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. 3.45, Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. 18.77. Results and scope of their application. Studies have shown that Bacillus methylotrophicus 10 had an inhibitory effect on Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. 23.2 ‒ 77,4%, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. 3.45 – 66,6% and Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. 18.77 – 86,7%, while the bacteria Phyllobacterium ifriqiyense 1 showed activity against phytopathogens by 45,1%, 63,1% and 65,0%, respectively. Conclusions. Thus, both strains of rhizosphere dominant bacteria have high antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic micromycetes, which gives grounds for their further study.
Methodical approaches to plant identification in high-resolution images in multispectral monitoring using UAVS
Crop management used in these technologies is one of the main trends in the modernization of agricultural technologies. To implement crop management, growers need accessible and effective information about the state of crops. The aim of the work is to develop a method of plant identification on multispectral images of high resolution for crops of continuous sowing on the example of winter wheat. The research was conducted on 03/17/2019 on winter wheat crops in the tillering vegetation phase, Mukan variety in production fields near the village of Horodyshche, Kyiv region. Aerial monitoring from a height of 100 meters was carried out using a spectral complex Slantrange 3p, mounted on a UAV UAV DJI Matrice 600. To extract the reference graphics data from Slantview made a copy of the screen in full screen mode of the image window. Statistical processing of graphical data of spectral monitoring results was performed in MathCad. It was found that the reliable establishment of the spectral portrait of the soil for its pixel-by-pixel filtering from multispectral images is a difficult task because its color significantly depends on the state of moisture, which may differ in open and shaded by plants. A more promising way to eliminate random inclusions is to use a spectral portrait of plants based on the intensity ratios of its spectral components. A promising parameter for assessing the condition of crops is to assess their area of heir horizontal surface, which can be determined by pixel analysis of the image. A filtering option is proposed, which, as in the solutions implemented in Slantview software, needs to be debugged. In further researches it is expedient to consider questions of methodical maintenance of an estimation of quality of a filtration of data of spectral monitoring of vegetation.
Productivity of seed potatoes with local application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers
Ukraine is a leader in potato production, among the top three producer countries and ranks second in the world in terms of per capita potato consumption, second only to Belarus. It produces 139 kg per year per capita, with a world average of about 33 kg/person/year. According to UCAB, in recent years the area under potatoes has increased by 2.7% to 1325 thousand hectares. However, the average yield for the last three years was 15.8 t/ha. In some advanced farms of Ukraine the yield reaches 30–40 t/ha due to the introduction of scientific developments in production. However, in general, the potential for economic productivity of potatoes in Ukraine now remains completely untapped. Potato plants are demanding to the presence of nutrients in the soil. Soil nutrients must be available for plants and in sufficient quantity. It causes by the biological characteristics of potatoes. The effectiveness of mineral fertilizers depends on the methods and quality of their application. The traditional method of fertilization involves fertilizers broadcasting on the soil surface with their tillage. As a result of uneven placement of fertilizer granules in the soil layer, the transition of nutrients into unavailable form to plants, which causes the uneven plants development and maturation of tubers. Therefore, one of the ways to improve the potatoes nutrition and reduce nutrient losses and obtain high stable crop yields is the local application of mineral fertilizers in the area of the root system location. Local application of phosphorus determines it better availability throughout the growing season, which provides accelerated growth and development of roots and shoots, as well as the formation of the optimal number of tubers. Local placement of potassium improves its availability and provides enhanced synthesis and transport of carbohydrates in plants, increases the absorption of moisture and nutrients by the roots, strengthens their resistance to disease and improves the quality of tubers. The aim of our researching was to investigate the effectiveness of the phosphorus and potassium application in different methods and phosphorus and potassium rates and to establish it impact in the productivity of seed potatoes. The research was located in the field experiment of the Department of Agrochemistry and Quality of Crop Products named by O.I. Dushechkina NULES of Ukraine on the territory of LLC "Biotech LTD" (Boryspil district, Kyiv region) during 2019–2020. Early-maturing variety Tiras was selected for research. The planting area was 495m2 of the accounting area was 312m2. The experiment was repeated 4 times. The placement of options was systematic. As a result of research it was established that local application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers provided such a level of yield of Tiras potatoes, which was not inferior to the variant with the fertilizers broadcasting. Yield growth in variants with local application ranged from 0.6 t/ha to 2.9 t/ha, depending on the rates. The application of local fertilizer with the rate of P60K135 caused the highest yield of seed potatoes among the options (33.4 t/ha), as well as the highest yield of seed fraction. It was 31.6 t/ha.
Spectral assessments of winter wheat varieties and breeding lines in the autumn period
The introduction of modern methods for field assessment of winter wheat genotypes is an integral part of improving the quality of the breeding process. The creation, adaptation and use of innovative screening technologies in breeding is becoming increasingly popular and allows the breeder to more widely and objectively evaluate the original forms and newly created material. Important for winter is the autumn period, when under favorable weather conditions (gradual decrease in temperature) there is a slowdown in the growth rate of winter wheat, changing physiological and biochemical processes in the plant, which contribute to its transition to hibernation. The state of winter wheat crops (morpho-biometric indicators of plants) in the autumn is largely decisive in the formation of a sufficient level of winter hardiness, and thus affects the further productivity of the crop. According to the results of analysis of morpho-biological and spectral analysis data, it was established that before overwintering the best condition for the first sowing period was winter wheat plants: MIP Lada (NDVI = 0.48), erythrospermum line 55023 (NDVI = 0.46), Lutesens 60049 (NDVI = 0.46), varieties MIP Distinction (NDVI = 0.46) MIP Jubilee (NDVI = 0.46), MIP Dnipryanka (NDVI = 0.46) and line Lutesens 55198 (MIP Gift) (NDVI = 0, 47). In the standard variety Podolyanka, the index value was at the level of 0.45. During the second sowing period, the following varieties were identified: MIP Assol (NDVI = 0.32), Ballad Myronivska (NDVI = 0.32), Erythrospermum 55023 (NDVI = 0.33), MIP Lada (NDVI = 0.33), MIP Jubilejna ( NDVI = 0.32) and Lutesens 55198 (MIP Gift) (NDVI = 0.32) and Lutesens 60107 (NDVI = 0.32). NDVI index of Podolyanka variety was at the level of 0.32.
Productivity of winter barley depending on preceding crops in Transcarpathia of Ukraine
Winter barley is a valuable food, fodder, and technical crop. Our research is aimed at obtaining economically and energy-efficient, adequate to the bioresource potential of winter barley grain yield, depending on the preceding crops in Transcarpathia of Ukraine. Research and balance calculations available soil moisture showed that the conditions of Transcarpathia it is negative and ranges from 250 to 1210 tons / ha or 25-121 mm. Accumulation and efficient use of available moisture in the soil depends on the amount of precipitation and their frequency of precipitation, crop rotation (preceding crops), tillage system, fertilization, and weediness of fields. The largest reserves of available moisture in the soil during the sowing of winter barley were after winter rape and buckwheat, the smallest – after sunflower and, especially, corn for grain. During the autumn-winter period, the reserves of available moisture in a meter layer of soil were replenished by 21-35%, but the influence of preceding crops remained. The critical period of winter barley in terms of moisture occurs during earing - grain filling. Preceding crops of early harvesting (winter oilseed rape and buckwheat) have a positive effect on the accumulation and retention of moisture in the soil. Late harvest preceding crops (maize for grain and sunflower) reduce the available moisture content and reserves by up to 18% compared to early harvest crops. On average over three years, the highest yield of winter barley was after buckwheat and amounted to 5.9 t / ha, the lowest - after corn for grain and was at 4.9 t / ha, which is 0.8 t / ha lower than the control variant.