Biological Resources and Nature Management
ISSN 2518-1963 (Online), ISSN 2078-9912 (Print) Subject: covers theoretical and applied aspects of the life sciences, environment and natural bioresources, ecological biotechnologies, renewable energy, organic agriculture, climate changes, etc. Year established: 2009 Founders: National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, Ministry of Environmental Protection of Ukraine. Published 3 times a year Certificate of registration: KV № 15722-4194 Р 12.10.2009 Registration MES of Ukraine: Order number 528 of 12/05/2015 (veterinary sciences, chemical sciences, biological sciences, agricultural sciences), Order number 1021 of 07/10/2015 (technical sciences) Speciality DAK: Veterinary sciences. Chemical sciences. Biological sciences. Agricultural sciences. Technical sciences Languages of the publication: Ukrainian, Russian, English. Address: Heroyiv Oborony st., 15, Kyiv-03041, Ukraine. Phone: +38 044 527 87 20 Indexed in the following international scientometric databases: EBSCO publishing Ulrichsweb Erihplus BASE <a href="http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/biblio.do?agrovocString=&agrovocToAdd=&agrovocToRemove=&advQuery=Biological+Resources+and+Nature+Management&centerString=&centerToRemove=&onlyFullText=false&filterString=&filterToRemove=&typeString=&typeToRemove=&filterQuery=Biological+Resources+and+Nature+Management&method%3Aexecute=&operator=Required&field=citationTitle&center=0&lang=0&typeToAdd=0&fromDate=0&toDate=0&enableField=Disable">AGRIS Google Scholar MIAR ResearchBib
Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України
Relationship between right holders and users shall be governed by the terms of the license Creative Commons Attribution – non-commercial – Distribution On Same Conditions 4.0 international (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0):https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.uk Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
The changes of alkaline and acid phosphatase activity and the indexes of mineral metabolism in laying hens under the influence of selenium and zinc nanochelates and vitamin E
In the diet of laying hens, the level of their mineral supply, in particular calcium and phosphorus, is important. They are especially necessary during the period of intensive egg position. These elements are a large part of the shell, and so their performance depends largely on the egg productivity and egg quality. (Suray, 2006; Lemesheva, 2007). A peculiarity of calcium exchange in egg-laying poultry is that the laying hens use a stock of calcium accumulated in the bone marrow, which is sufficient to form 6 to 30 eggs (Bilokon et al., 2012; Shtele, 2017). Inorganic phosphorus an important role in metabolism in the birds body plays. About 80–85 % of phosphorus is found in bone and 15–20 % is in other tissues and fluids. Of great importance in the phosphorus-calcium metabolism regulation belongs to the group of enzymes-phosphatases (Ionov et al., 2011; Melnyk, 2008), in particular alkaline (EC 3.1.3.1) and acidic (EC 3.1.3.2) phosphatases, which take participation in the catalysis of phosphorus esters in blood plasma and in tissues. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of selenium and zinc nanoaquachelates with vitamin E on alkaline and acid phosphatase activity, calcium and inorganic phosphorus content in the serum of laying hens. Methods. The experiments were performed on laying hens of the Lohmann-Brown breed, aged 45 weeks. Feeding of the birds was carried out with dry balanced feeds with nutrition in accordance with the rules of feeding. It was formed by the method of analogues of two groups of chickens: control and experimental, 40 heads each. The confinement conditions corresponded to the hygienic parameters, the chickens were kept in cages with free access to feed and water. Layers of the experimental group per head were obtained in the standard diet: Zn 30 ml/kg, SE – 30 ml/kg and vitamin E – 40 mg/kg, and in the control group for each head was added to the diet 30 ml. of distilled water. The experiment lasted 90 days, accounting for egg productivity throughout the experiment for each group separately. During the experiment serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus content were investigated using the method described by Danchuk et al. (2013). The activity of alkaline and acidic phosphatases was determined using the Felicity Diagnostic Kit. Other conditions of the experiment were reported previously (Nischemenko et al., 2019). The obtained research results were processed by statistics conventional methods of using Microsoft Excel. Results and discussion. It is known that enzymes are high molecular weight organic compounds of a protein nature that act as biological catalysts in a living organism. The group of phosphatases is alkaline phosphatase, which is involved in the catalysis of phosphorus esters in blood plasma and tissues. In birds, the value of this enzyme is also that it is actively involved in the metabolism of minerals in the body of laying and transfer of calcium ions in the formation of eggshells (Fisinin, 2016). The activity of alkaline serum phosphatase is due to the intensity of metabolic processes. It has been established that excessive increase of enzyme activity in 2-3 times in comparison with the norm is observed in cholestasis and disturbance of mineral metabolism. The activity of LF increases most often in the animal during its intensive growth and development, and in laying hens – during egg formation and egg position (Fisinin, 2016; Nishchemenko et al., 2016). Significant physiological growth of alkaline phosphatase activity during the period of active egg position is necessary for laying hens, since the enzyme mentioned above is involved, both in metabolic processes and in the transfer of calcium and phosphorus ions. In the laying body, these macronutrients are used to form the eggshell, as indicated by a number of literary messages (Okolelova, 2016; Okolelova, 2016-1). We found that alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly by the 60-90th day of the experiment by 32.3–38.6 % in the layers of the experimental group compared with the control. Therefore, an increase in the activity of LF in the serum of laying hens during the period of active egg position is a necessary adaptive response of their body. It can be assumed that alkaline phosphatase activity increases during this period due to the bone isoenzyme and is ensured by the intensive functioning of osteoclasts, and the presence in the diets of selenium and zinc chelates with vitamin E contributes to the increase of activity of this enzyme. Acid phosphatase activity also increased on the 30th day of the study, but its probable increase was observed only on the 60th and 90th day of the experiment, respectively, by 16.5–21.0% (p <0.01). Such an increase in the activity of CF is, in our opinion, necessary for the active formation of the eggshell, which provides the necessary concentration of calcium ions and inorganic Phosphorus. Other researchers also point to this fact (Batman, 1968; Apukhovska et al., 2006). It should be noted that the deposition of mineral salts is catalyzed not only by alkaline but also acidic phosphatase. In addition, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase promotes the formation of carbonic acid, which, with Ca2 ions, forms calcium carbonates. In this case, acid phosphatase also promotes the transport of phosphorus-containing compounds that are required for the formation of the mineral base of the shell. There are limited reports in the scientific literature on the effect of nanoaquachelates of different elements on the physiological state and activity of phosphatases (Kaplunenko et al, 2007; Borysevych et al., 2009; 2009-1) in laying hens at industrial plants. Therefore, the study of the effect of selenium and zinc nanoaquachelates with vitamin E on the body of the layers requires careful study, including the effect of these drugs on the activity of enzymes and other indicators. As a result of the 90-day experiment, we determined changes in the concentration of calcium and inorganic Phosphorus in the blood of laying control and experimental groups. Prior to the experiment, the levels of calcium and inorganic Phosphorus in both groups of chickens were almost the same. He underwent some changes in the experimental group of hens after consumption of chelate compounds of selenium, zinc and vitamin E. In particular, the concentration of calcium in the blood of chickens in the experimental groups during the experiment was higher than in the control at 12.8-18.2 %. However, the probable increase in the level of this important macronutrient was established by us only in the 90th day of research. The increase in the content of Ca++ ions in the blood of laying hens during the period of intensive egg position can in our view be explained by its active "leaching" from the bone tissue and intensive absorption from the gastrointestinal tract for the needs of the body and, in particular, the formation of the shell. It should be noted that alkaline phosphatase, which transports calcium ions, plays an important role in the formation of the shell. The thickness of the shell depends largely on mineral nutrition and the presence in the diet of calcium, inorganic Phosphorus and vitamins D and E (Apukhovska et al., 2006). It is known that, with each egg, the laying egg loses about 2.0–2.5 g of calcium from its body (Palii, 2019; Kavtarashvili & Okolelova, 2006). The opinion is also expressed (Kavtarashvili & Okolelova, 2006) that two-thirds of this amount of macronutrients comes from the consumption of calcium feed and a third from the body's reserves. Analyzing changes in the level of inorganic Phosphorus, we note that in the blood of chickens of the experimental group compared with the control group of this element during the experiment was on average more than 3.2–26.3 %, but the probable increase was established only on the 90th day of research. The absorption of phosphorus by the body of a bird depends on the form in which it is included in the diet. In the diet, this trace element is in the form of organic compounds - phosphatides, phosphoproteins, which are well soluble in water and more accessible to the body of laying hens, and contributes to the presence of selenium and zinc chelates in combination with vitamin E. These changes can also be explained by that Zinc and Selenium provide transport processes related to the metal-enzyme transformation of a large number of biochemical compounds, and Vitamin E, in turn, also participates in various biological reactions and facilitates the processes of oxidation, reduction, etc. in the body of a bird. We hypothesize that an increase in the concentration of Phosphorus in the serum of chickens during the period of intensive egg position should be considered as an adaptive response of the organism, which is due to the need for increased synthesis of proteins used to form egg proteins. On the other hand, during ovogenesis, inorganic Phosphorus is used as an integral part of the egg shell (Okolelova, 2016; Liebers et al., 2019). We found a positive correlation between the presence in the diet of chelate compounds of selenium, zinc with vitamin E and the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase (r = 0,510 and r = 0,390), calcium (r = 0,618) and inorganic phosphorus (r = 0,430) in the serum layer. It was found that egg laying increased in chickens of the experimental group compared to the control by 8.6%, improved morphometric and qualitative indicators of eggs (Nishchemenko et al., 2019). Conclusions. Addition to the diet of laying hens of nanoaquachelates selenium and zinc with vitamin E probably increases the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase in the serum of laying hens by 32.3–38.6 and 16.5–21.0 %, respectively. A significant increase in calcium concentration of 18.2 % and inorganic phosphorus was found to be 26.3 % in the blood of chickens receiving mineral-vitamin supplement for the 90th day of the experiment. In other research terms, there is a tendency to increase the studied indicators level. The study’s results suggest that chelated forms of selenium, zinc, and vitamin E themselves as synergists in the regulation of mineral metabolism in the layers body show. This effect of nanoaquachelates is based on their biophysical properties and the activation of many biochemical processes according to the Borisovich – Kaplunenko – Kosinov effect (Borysevych et al., 2009, 2010).
Copyright (c) 2019 Biological Resources and Nature Management
Fatty-acid composition of muscle pig tissue when using food additive Lg - Max in different doses
The article presents the results of a study of the fatty acid composition of muscle tissue, depending on the use of LG-MAX feed additives in various doses (2.0 g and 4.0 g per day) in feeding fattening young pigs according to a scientific and economic study, which coincided with the growing periods pigs (from 45 days to 180 days). The scientific interest in the composition of fatty acids in meat follows mainly from the need to find methods for producing meat of proper quality, that is, with a higher ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids and a more favorable balance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. According to the results of the study, an increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the Omega-3 family in the muscle tissue samples of the research groups of pigs was found to be 0.12% (D1) and 0.25% (D2), respectively, compared with the control. At the same time, in group D2, the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the Omega-3 family was 0.1 % higher than in D1. The increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the Omega-3 family in the muscle tissue samples of the research groups of pigs influenced the change in the Omega-6 / Omega-3 ratio by 2.92% (D1) and 5.59% (D2), respectively, compared to the control.
Diagnosis of helmintosis in chamelions: improvement of the sedimentation method and determination of its diagnostic efficiency
The paper substantiates and experimentally confirms the need to improve the classical method of sequential washing by Demidov M. V. (1965) in the diagnosis of intestinal helminthiases of chameleons. It is established that a 15–30° degree change in the angle of the bottom of the cup during settling contributes to a 3-times increase in the concentration of helminth eggs in the test material. Optimal for filtration are 5 cm3 of the test suspension. During a microscopic examination of the material, after filtration, it is advisable to use a square central fragment of the ashless filter with a size of 25 x 25 mm. The density of the filter (tape color: blue, white, red) does not affect the number of detected helminth eggs. The diagnostic efficiency of detecting intestinal helminthiases in chameleons by the improved method is 15 % higher in comparison with classical one. The rate of invasion in Panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) by intestinal helminths Trematoda gen. sp. 1, Trematoda gen. sp. 2 and Hexametra angustiaecoides in the study of fecal samples with the modified sequential washing method is 15 % higher compared to the classical one. The average rate of invasion in panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) with intestinal helminths Trematoda gen. sp. 1, Trematoda gen. sp. 2 and Hexametra angustiaecoides is 1.5 times higher when studying fecal samples using the improved method and is 15.5±16.19.
Impact of falsification of slaughtered animal meat with alkaline disinfectants on its quality and safety
In Ukraine, one of the main tasks of state monitoring at the meat and meat production facilities is to collect data on the national status of contaminants, pesticide residues and veterinary preparations in sanitary facilities for decision-making and taking measures to increase the level of consumer health protection. The prevention of the occurrence of a chemical hazard makes it impossible to allow the transfer of chemical concentrates through production facilities during the production, storage and sale of meat and meat products. Therefore, it is important to develop simple, express methods of determining adulteration when performing risk-based controls on the production, storage and sale of frozen and frozen slaughtered meat at the facilities. Frozen meat of slaughtered animals at temperatures from minus 2 to minus 3 ° C for 20 days according to the organoleptic evaluation corresponded to a fresh degree: the surface is dry, the consistency is elastic, the smell is specific to this species of animals, the brewing sample is transparent, a pleasant specific smell, without foreign odors. And organoleptic assessment of doubtful degree of freshness was in frozen meat of slaughtered animals at temperatures from minus 2 to minus 3 ° C for 21-22 days: the surface of the muscle tissue is barely sticky, the smell is slightly acidic, the texture is less elastic, the color is dull, dark-red and pork gray-pink; for cooking samples - turbidity of the broth, unpleasant smell. The frozen meat of slaughtered animals suspended in storage cells at minus 12 ° C according to the organoleptic assessment corresponded to a fresh degree: beef (for 8 months) dark red, consistency elastic, meat after defrostation moistened; pork (3 months) pink, consistency elastic, meat after defrostation moistened; mutton and goat (6 months), respectively, dark red and bright red, consistency elastic, meat after defrostation moistened. The smell on the surface of carcasses of all kinds of slaughtered animal meat is specific to this animal species, with no odors; for cooking samples - the broth is transparent, the smell is pleasant, specific to this species of animals. Falsification of disinfectant alkaline solutions (positive reaction): frozen meat of slaughtered animals suspended for 21-22 days in storage cells at temperatures from minus 2 to minus 3 ° C at a relative humidity of 90%; frozen meat suspended in storage chambers at minus 12 ° C at 95% relative humidity - beef for 9 months; pork - for 4 months; mutton and meat of goat - for 7 months. The technique of establishing the falsification was based on the use of an alcoholic solution of chrome dark blue with a mass concentration of 0.3%, which was added to the filtered meat-water extract in the amount of 2.0-2.5 cm 3 and after 1-2 seconds established the presence of light- pink in the absence of meat treatment with disinfectants or light purple in the presence of meat processing. Research has found that the color intensity of falsification of meat of slaughtered animals by treatment with disinfectants was 99.9%. In frozen meat of slaughtered animals for 21–22 days at temperatures from minus 2 to minus 3, a significant (p <0.001, p <0.01) reduction of the content of microorganisms in the surface layers was found in pellets: in beef - in 2, 25 times, pork - in 2,0, mutton - in 2,5 and meat of goat - in 1,8 times, and in deep layers this indicator had no significant difference in increase of indicators; high probability (p <0.001) for increase of pH value in beef and mutton - by 1.06 times, in pork - by 1.07 and in meat of goat - by 1.13 times; a significant (p <0.001) decrease in NMAOAM content: in beef - by 1.19 times, pork - by 1.18, mutton - by 1.11 and meat of goat - by 1.15 times compared to indicators of doubtful freshness of meat not processed. In frozen meat treated with disinfectants, when stored minus 12 ° C beef for 9 months; pork - for 4 months; mutton and meat of goat - for 7 months, it was found likely (p <0.001) decrease in the content of microorganisms in the surface layers was found during treatment with disinfectant solutions: in beef - by 3.0 times, pork - by 2.5, lamb - by 2.0, and in meat of goat - 2.75 times (p <0.05), in the deep layers - a slight increase according to the species of animals - in pork and goat - by 1.08, in lamb - by 1.07 times; significant (p <0.001) increase in pH in processed meat compared to indicators of doubtful freshness of meat not processed: in beef, pork, lamb - 1.05 times, meat of goat - 1.07 times; a slight decrease in NMAOAM content compared to the indices of unprocessed meat by disinfectants: in beef - by 1.06 times, pork - by 1.03 (p <0.01), mutton - by 1.04, meat of goat - by 1, 08 times. In case of substantiated and confirmed checks of consumer complaints about non-compliance with the veterinary medicine legislation on food safety for fraud detection, such products are seized and the degree of offenses is established.
Leaf area index (Lai) of the Parthenocissus planch. genus and its impact on the green plot ratio (GnPR)
The Leaf Area Index (LAI) is one of the most commonly used indicators for assessing the assimilation surface of a vegetation and its environmental impact. On this basis, a greening index (GnPR) is calculated, which is used to compare the various vegetation of the studied areas. The purpose of the research was to determine the LAI of the most common representatives of the genus Parthenocissus Planch in Lviv. The degree of influence of the leaf cover of P. tricuspidata ′Veichii′ on the landscaping indicator was found in the example of a closed courtyard. The studies were conducted using biometric methods with subsequent processing using the Arhicad program. The LAI calculated by P. tricuspidata ′Veichii′ and P. quinquifolia ′Engelmanii′ is 1.3 and 2.6, respectively. LAI P. quinquifolia (L.) Planch. is 2.9 and is consistent with the data from the other research. P. tricuspidata ′Veichii′ with an area of 405.05 m2 increases the index (GnPR) of a closed yard of 272.3 m2 on the Levitsky street in 5.9 times.
Relief as the basis of the composition construction (on the example of a private house in s.Horbovych, Kiev-Svyatshinsk region)
The article focuses on important and current issues of forming an environment in a small area using complex terrain. The research object is a private sector located in the village of Gorbovichi in the Kiev-Svyatoshinsky District and has a height difference of over 40%. The authors of the article emphasize that the terrain is one of the stable components of the landscape, which is why other landscape components are its derivatives. When arranging landscaping on difficult terrain, the key role is played by the formation of space through vertical planning of the territory. The building is constructed in the style of minimalism with elements of constructivism, the main building materials are concrete, ceramic brick and glass. It is suggested to construct the composition of the slope object on a network of roads, which are spiral or serpentine. It was also noted that it is advisable to delay the “emotional discharge” effect on the projected viewing platforms and to hold a compositional pause. The main feature of designing such a garden object is the frontality of its composition. The inclined plane organizes and determines the whole system of visual communications – the view moves from the upper terraces to the lower and further to the foot of the slope. As a result, the main compositional task of designing an object on topography is to identify the spatial structure of the slope, which often boils down to the formation of a system of terraces, that is, alternation of elevations and flat stages of topography.
Analytical evaluation of developed norms for greening of cities
The changes made in the state building regulations concerning urban planning in the part of formation of green plantations (landscape and recreational zones) and their conformity to the concept of ecologically balanced urban development are analyzed. The research was conducted on the basis of a comparative analysis of the postulates set out in SBN-360-92 and newly developed SBN B.2.2-12: 2018 and SBN B.2.2-ХХ: 20ХХ "Planning and Building Territories" using the expert-analytical method. It has been established that significant changes have occurred in this field, which have both positive and negative consequences. In particular, efforts to combine landscape, recreational, nature conservation and eco-networks have led to a broad interpretation and blurred practical application of the classification of green spaces and their regulatory norms. Like previous, new building norms also do not provide for the introduction of a standard on the provision of all categories of green spaces (green space) of urban residents, as is common in most countries of the world and regulated by WHO standards. Separate provisions for the greenery of residential areas will facilitate further consolidated construction and reduce the number of green areas of restricted use. Part of the recommendations for innovative gardening methods has only a descriptive and questionable character. The mentioned disadvantages are the result of ignoring the cooperation with scientists of the forest, garden-park and nature protection profile.
Physics and chemical features of the vanadium sulfamate soluble, manganese, chromium and other metals sulfamates
Dependence of sulfamic acid salts solvability in water - СS (in gr of salt/100 gr Н2O) with the general chemical formula Ме(SO3NH2)n, where, Mе+n is one-, two- and three-charge cations of metal, and - n is value of charge, was researched. Also specific aspects of distribution of salts Ме(SO3NH2)n according to calculated size of Gibbs free energy – ∆GS, from the radius length – r+n(in nm) of sulfamate formative metal cation were examined. Using graphic methods and methods of mathematical analysis of the functions СS=f(r+n) and ∆GS=f(r+n) correlation of special points of these functions with fundamental physical and chemical constants was found. It was calculated the size of sulfamate-ions radius with cvitter-ion (r-і)+H2NSO3- = 254,932 ± 0,001 pm, and with open (r-і)NH2SO3- = 255,965 ± 0,005 pm structure. Also estimated values of СS for sulfamates formed by two- and three-charge cations of Vanadium, Manganese and Chromium were clarified.
Environmental and comparison analysis of functional health of men of different age groups in radiation contaminated and conditionally pure regions
The functional health of particular age groups, especially children, should be the main bio-indicator of the impact of integrated environmental pressure on the human body and regional socio-ecological status. Functional health levels are specific markers of the state of the organism adaptation to the changing conditions of the external and internal environment and, moreover, they reflect the general functional and vegetative homeostasis of the human body for the stability of which the autonomic nervous system is responsible for in the body. The purpose of the study was to investigate and compare functional health and autonomic balance in men of different age groups living in relatively clean and radiologically contaminated regions of Ukraine. The determination of vegetative status and orientation of vegetative activity in the body of men has been performed using functional vegetative diagnostics (FVD) according to the method of V. Makats. A total of 362 people of all ages were examined who underwent sanatorium and health improvement in the sanatoriums of Ukraine. The men were divided into 2 main observation groups. The first group resided in radiation-contaminated (RC) regions (Zhytomyr and Vinnytsia region), where they were classified according to the criteria of TRID-ELEUMH (thyroid irradiation dose exceeding the levels established by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine) and EEDHR (the effective equivalent dose of human radiation). The second group resided in relatively radiologically pure regions (Lviv region). In the method of functional-ecological examination (FEE) offered by us, the number of people (in %) in whom indicators of functional health are in states of functional depression (PA - parasympathetic activity advantage), vegetative equilibrium (VE) and number cases of the benefits of functional excitement (SA - the advantage of sympathetic activity) is the basis of systematic analysis. According to the criteria we have developed, human functional health is in the area of conditional norms, when 70% of people are in the zone of functional equilibrium (FE), and 15% are in the areas of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that in the relatively pure regions of Ukraine only in the group of preschool men this figure is higher and reaches 75.6%, while in other groups it is significantly lower - in the group of young men of school age by 12.7% and mature age at 43.6%. The study of functional health in the functional equilibrium zone (FEZ) in radioactively contaminated regions of Ukraine revealed that in all observation groups the indicator is significantly below the developed norm: in the group of preschool men by 38.6%, adolescent school age by 46.4% and adulthood by 45.0%. In the analysis of the data obtained during observation in male groups of different ages, it was found that in all groups the parasympathetic activity indicators significantly exceed the established norm of 15%, both in radio-contaminated and conditionally pure regions of Ukraine. But in the radio-contaminated regions of Ukraine, this indicator reaches a dangerous level and indicates a functional and ecological catastrophe. So in the group of preschool men it is higher 2.1 times, in the group of adolescent school age - 3.3 times and in the group of mature age - 4.1 times. It was also found that the mechanisms of functional and vegetative pathogenesis for all age groups of contaminated and conditionally clean regions are similar and have the same orientation and demonstrate the reliability of the proposed method. In the study of system-age dependence in male groups of preschool age 3-6 years, adolescent school age 12-15 years and mature age 21-50 years, living in relatively clean regions of Ukraine, it was found that the activity indicators of functional systems (FS) of the organism are almost coincided with similar indicators of age functional and vegetative norm. The result of the functional-ecological examination (FEE) of this group coincides with the criterion of radiation-free regions of Ukraine. In the study of system-age dependence in the male group of preschool children 3-6 years old and mature age 21-50 years old living in radiation-contaminated regions the activity indicators of most functional systems (FS) of the organism has been found to be higher than the established age functional and vegetative forming disorders of the vegetative balance. In the study of system-age dependence in the male group of adolescent schoolchildren aged 12-15 years old living in radiation-contaminated regions, chaotic changes in FS activity were found, which are significantly higher or lower than the age functional and vegetative norm. This indicates a violation of the vegetative balance of the body and the processes of adaptation and accommodation. Age dispersion of vegetative levels of functional health of men of different age groups of radioactively contaminated and conditionally pure regions of Ukraine indicates a stable high level of its acceptable parasympathetic activity (PA) and unsatisfactory low level of functional equilibrium (FE). Their unsatisfactory levels, found in conditionally radiation-free regions of Ukraine, indicate an additional set of environmental pressures or the cumulative effect of its accumulation.
Complex assessment of agroecological status of agricultural agricultural products (at the example of the Cherk area)
Agrolandscapes are anthropogenic landscapes with prevalence in their biotic parts of communities of the organisms which are artificially created by a man it makes about 72% of the territory of Ukraine. The main characteristic of agrolandscapes of the country is domination of arable lands. It is known that the average value of plowed lands in Ukraine reaches 78.3% [by data of State Agency of Ukraine for Land Resources of Ukraine as of 01.01.2013]. In Kherson, Cherkasy, Kirovohrad regions there are about 90% of plowed lands, and in some areas of the Steppe there are about 95-96% of plowed lands. Any developed country has no such level of plowed lands, for example, in France - 60.6%, the USA - 43.5%, England - 34.5% (as of 01.01.2012). The analysis of the main factors of violation of ecological sustainability of agrolandscapes will allow to prove relevant actions for melioration.
Improvement of the mechanism of the organization of nature using on the territory of the Dnipro river basin
It was proved the priority of choosing the principles of rational use of nature, which activates the search for ways of optimizing the use of natural resources and developing effective mechanisms for their reproduction. It has been established the strengthening of anthropogenic-induced degradation of land and water resources of the transboundary Dnipro river basin, which is a key factor in the formation and organization of political, economic and social life of society. It has been determined that rational using of nature is based on the conceptual model of ecological and rational exploitation of the territory of the transboundary basin. It has been developed a methodology of integrated assessment, analysis and forecasting of the ecological state of the catchment area and optimization of land using in rivers basins, which contains six logical and sequential blocks of research organization that provide systematic use of complementary general, adapted and authorial methods. In addition to optimizing the use of natural resources, support should be given to mechanisms for their reproduction through the search of optimal nature using scenarios, which will ensure the effective development of the territories and the restoration of the Dnipro river ecosystem. The principles of activity of the Interstate Basin Council of the Dnipro River and the mechanism of nature protection organization of the territory of the transboundary basin on the basis of improved methodology and author's methods with the use of GIS and Remote sensing of Earth technologies are offered. It was established that the result of the study is the formation of a unified system of parameters of control of the current state of the whole Dnipro river basin, with the obligatory determination of the risks of violations of ecological parameters of the basin landscape structures and determination of their consequences. It was determined that the organization of the catchment area of the Dnipro River requires the transfer to the scientific and legal plane of using the nature with the necessary development of appropriate soil and water conservation measures. The urgency of the planning of the catchment basins on the basis of the balance of environmental sustainability of agricultural landscapes and the intensity of agricultural production in order to maximize profits was determined. The Dnipro river health management system should be based on a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of the ecological state of its basin and on the basis of the basin management principle
Phytosanitary monitoring (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) vegetable acrocyanosis of the land plot of the village sedlyshche, lubeshiv district
Harm is the primary criterion for determining the dangers of an entomological entity in an economic sense. The features of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L. biology and ecology are investigated, methods of accounting and level of harmfulness in agrocenoses of seedlings of vegetable crops (cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes, eggplants) in the garden areas of the village Sedlyshche, Lyubeshiv district, which are based on the regulation of the specificity of the ontogeny, the study of motor activity, the relationship with the environment. As a result of two years of studies have clarified the life cycle of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, also the level of crop losses at different levels of the pest population has been determined. The course of ontogeny of mole crickets in the Lubeshiv district of Volyn region lasts 2 years (the first wintering in the larval stage of 3-year, the second - nymphs or imago): Imago emerges from the winter in spring, females lay eggs and take care of the nest. The larvae are reborn in the 1st age (May), fade to the 2nd age (June-July), from that moment on begin trophic activity and mass accumulation (August-September) and migrate to wintering. We have tried to evaluate the harmfulness of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L., on vegetable crops (cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes and eggplants). The real and potential danger in the garden areas of the village Sedlyshche is the highest percentage of destroyed plants among (cucumbers 41.7% and cabbage 25.7%) during the rooting of seedling. The liquefaction dynamics show that Solanaceous crops (sweet peppers, tomatoes, eggplants) are characterized by a smaller percentage loss. The maximum pest peak occurs in the first half of June. The critical period for seedlings of cabbage, tomatoes, peppers and eggplants lasts 25-30 days, for cucumbers - up to 40 days. The peculiarities of the biology of (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.), and the significant level of harmfulness, indicate that the presence of pests in the agrocenoses of seedlings of vegetable crops in previous years is a real and potential danger. Thus, the decisive factor in the preservation of the seedling crop is the use of mainly extermination measures. It is therefore necessary to further investigate this representative of bluebirds in order to minimize its adverse effects on crops.
Spatial organization of ecological niche of Vallonia Pulchella (Muller 1774) in turf -litogenic soils in gray-green clay (Nicipol manganese ore basin)
The results of the study of the ecological niche of vallonia pulchella (muller 1774), using edaphic and phytoindication parameters, are presented in the paper. The research was conducted in June 2018 at a research site within the Nikopol Manganese ore basin, namely in turf-lithogenic soils on gray-green clays. The experimental site consisted of 105 samples located within 7 transects (15 samples in each). The distance between the rows in the landfill is 3 m. Quantitative recording of the micromolecule was carried out using a manual disassembly of soil-zoological samples measuring 25 × 25 cm to the depth of the animals. The average density of the micellar Vallonia pulchella is 2.27. According to the edaphic characteristics, the largest number of molluscs is observed at a depth of 45-50 cm (8.37%), and the smallest - 0-5 mm (2,16%). In the analysis of aggregate fractions, the number of molluscs has an amplitude character, and varies in the range from 10.53% to 2.69%, the largest number of them is on aggregate fractions 2-3 mm (22,61%), the smallest - <0,25 mm ( 2.69%). Dependence of the number of micro-mollusks on the edaphic properties of biogeocoenosis and phytoindication parameters was established. It was revealed that the characteristic feature of the investigated area is an elevated level of organic substances, as well as the provision of soil with nitrogen. The properties of the environmental niche Vallonia pulchella are estimated based on the provided edaphic and phytoindication characteristics. The obtained results can be considered as basic in ecological evaluation of artificial ground-like structures. Further research will focus on the analysis of micromelux groups in spatial-temporal dynamics.
Optimization of in vitro Tissues Growth of English Oak (Quercus Robur L.) Plants
The development of an effective technology for the mass production of high quality planting material of English Oak plants (Quercus robur L.) is one of the urgent tasks of forestry in Ukraine nowadays. One approach to solving this problem is to use of in vitro the plant tissues culture method. This method, in contrast to conventional methods of reproduction, allows obtaining fungal and bacterial diseases-free, virus-free, genetically homogeneous plants in a minimum amount of donor material throughout the year, increasing the multiplication factor and obtaining new economically valuable variants and mutants due to the somaclonal variability. A lot of number of biotechnological researches are focused on the development of effective microclonal propagation protocols for genotypes of plants of the Fagaceae Dumort. family. At the same time, the authors note that the regenerative ability of the tissues of woody plants of this family in vitro is rather low. Today micropropagation of valuable plants of species Q. robur is carried in Poland (Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences), Belarus (Institute of Forest of NAS of Belarus) and Ukraine (SI "Institute of Food biotechnology and genomics NAS of Ukraine", Separated Subdivision of NULES of Ukraine «Boyarka Forest Research Station»). The aim of the research was the optimization of growth of Q. robur in vitro shoots for mass microclonal propagation. For the studies that were carried out in spring-summer period 2018–2019, the fragments shoots of 50–100-year-old donors plants of Q. robur were used. The sterilization of the plant material was carried out by using 0.1 % HgCl2 (5‒10 min.), 1.0 % AgNO3(10‒20 min.), 2.5 % NaClO (10‒20 min.) with preprocessing by means of 70 % ethanol (within 1 min.). The plants material (fragments shoots long 1.0−1.5 cm) were introduced into the culture in vitro on the hormoneless nutrient medium prescribed by MS (Murashige & Skoog) with the addition of 2.0 mg·L-1 activated carbon. The regenerative ability of plant material in vitro was studied on a nutrient media MS, WPM (McCown & Lloyd, 1981) and DKW (Driver & Kuniyuki, 1984) on the 30th day of cultivation. The modified MS was made by introducing to the medium 100 mg·L-1 myo-Inositol, 30 g·L-1 sucrose, 7.0–7.3 g·L-1 microbiological agar, as well as cytokinin type growth regulators (6-(Furfurylamino)purine (kinetin) 6-(ɣ,ɣ - Dimethylallylamino)purine (2-iP). For the optimization of in vitro tissues growth of Q. robur plant a number of techniques were used, the effectiveness of which was determined by the following indicators: regenerative ability of shoots in vitro (%), length of shoots in vitro (cm), pigmentation. The following enterosorbents and antioxidants were used: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 2.0 mg·L-1), activated carbon (2.0 g·L-1), ascorbic acid (1.0 mg·L-1). An index of acidity (pH) was adjusted to the level of 5.7–5.9. Plant material was incubated in a culture room at a temperature of 24±1 °C and lighting 2 000–3 000 Lux with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod and a relative humidity of 70–75 %. Biotechnological and statistical research methods were used. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed using MS Excel analysis package. It was found out that the effective sterilization (above 80 %) of Q. robur fragments shoots was obtained through the use of NaClO and AgNO3. A significant regenerative ability (above 80%) had in vitro shoots cultured on WPM culture medium. An effective technique for optimization of growth of Q. robur tissues has been developed, which made it possible to obtain above 60% of regenerative plant material in vitro. A significant number of Q. robur plants was obtained on WPM culture medium with 2-iP, adenine, activated carbon and PVP (multiplication factor − 5.5 ± 0.7, cultivation cycle 45−50 days). Further studies are aimed microclonal propagation of shoots of Q. robur plants with various types of in vitro morphogenesis.
Dynamics of gamma-radiation damage and recovery development in reproductive organs and sperm
Problem analysis and assessment of the prospects of fuel wood use obtained in the territories of the pollution by Chernobyl accident
The Chernobyl accident led to radioactive contamination of large areas of Ukraine. The maximum number of radionuclides fell in the Ukrainian Polissya Zone. The areas of Zhytomyr, Rivne, Kyiv, Chernihiv and Volyn regions were especially polluted, with almost 40% of our country's forest areas concentrated, where significant volumes of timber harvesting occur. The forest, which is most contaminated with radioactive isotopes, grows on peat and sod-podzolic soils. These soils have varying degrees of moisture, high acidity (pH up to 3.2), low humus content, particles, exchangeable cations and clay minerals. Under these conditions, the 137Cs and 90Sr isotopes have high bioavailability. The research purpose is substantiating the possibility of using wood for fuel power plants from the territories of the forest that have been exposed to radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl accident. The studies were conducted on the territory of forest areas in the northern parts of Zhytomyr (Naroditsky, Ovrutsky, Olevsky, Lugin and Malinsky areas) and Rivne regions (Sarninsky and Rokytnovsky areas). The levels of contamination of fuel wood were assessed by sampling soil and wood of the most common deciduous and coniferous tree species in these forests. At each sampling point, the GPSmap 78s (Garmin, USA) set geographic coordinates on the WGS84 and mapped them. The 137Cs and 90Sr activity were measured in the soil and wood samples selected. The 137Cs content was determined using a gamma spectrometer with a semiconductor detector made of high purity germanium "GEM-30185" by "EG & ORTEC" (USA). The content of 90Sr in the samples was determined after its radiochemical isolation according to the activity of its 90Y daughter radionuclide on the SEB-01 beta spectrometer (ACP, Ukraine). The specific activity of 137Cs and 90Sr in forest soils was 33¸675 Bq / kg and 1.5¸51 Bq / kg, respectively, which corresponds to a contamination density of 20-100 kBq / m2 at 137Cs and 0.2–4 kBq / m2 at 90Sr. Most samples showed a significant decrease in 90Sr content relative to 137Cs in the 20 cm layer of forest soil. On average, the content of 137Cs in soil was 22 times the content of 90Sr. The acidity of the soil extract varied within the pH = 4.0–7.4 and averaged pH = 6.4. The calcium content is very low and averages 0.7 mg-eq / 100 g of soil. The 137Cs content in the wood was found to be ˂2.0 to 690 ± 83 Bq / kg. About 98% of the analyzed samples answered GNPAR-2005 with respect to 137Cs content in the fuel wood (600 Bq / kg). The 90Sr content in the samples ranged from 3 ± 0.3 to 473 ± 37 Bq / kg. The overdose of its acceptable level was recorded in 14.7% of samples. In the hardwood samples, the ratio of 137Cs / 90Sr was 1.4 ± 0.6. In conifer samples, this ratio has a wide amplitude of oscillation and averages 4.82 ± 2. According to the breed composition, the ratio 137Cs / 90Sr in wood is as follows: common pine˃ birch˃ oak˃ alder˃ hornbeam˃ aspen. A number of wood samples had a specific activity at 90Sr over 100 Bq / kg. When burning this wood, the radioactivity of the ash will be ≥ 10 kBq / kg, which, according to the OSPU-2005, is radioactive waste and requires appropriate management of such ash. The analysis of the results revealed that even from radioactively contaminated forests with a contamination density of 90Sr in the area below 4 kBq / m2, it is possible to obtain wood with a content of 90Sr above the hygienic standard for fuel wood (GNPAR-2005), which requires a restriction onsite of fuel and wood from these territories. Hardwoods have been found to accumulate 90Sr much more intensively than pine. It was determined that 14.7% of wood samples with 90Sr content and 1.1% with 137Cs content exceed the hygienic standard for fuel and fuel wood firewood according to GNPAR-2005 (60 Bq / kg and 600 Bq / kg respectively). Contamination of the 90Sr forest area with a density of 4 kBq / m2 is possible to obtain wood with a content of 90Sr above the hygienic standard for fuel and fuel beams (GNPAR-2005), which requires restrictions on the use of fuel and small wood from these territories. The specific radioactivity of the ash obtained by burning such wood exceeds 10 kBq / kg. The use of wood for radionuclide contaminated forests requires careful radiological monitoring and the introduction of appropriate permissible levels for fuel power plants.
The effect of vanadium citrate on the activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in pancreas and thigh skeletal muscle of pregnant female rats
During pregnancy, the body undergoes physiological, endocrine and metabolic changes. There is an imbalance of trace elements, including vanadium. To compensate for the loss of this trace element and to improve metabolic processes in pregnant women an organic compound - vanadium citrate was used. The aim of our research was to investigate the effect of vanadium citrate on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity in pancreas and the skeletal muscle in pregnant female rats. The research was conducted on female white laboratory rats weighing 140-160 g, which were divided into five groups: group I - non-pregnant animals, group II - pregnant females consuming pure water without additives, rats of groups III, IV, V in the period of mating and pregnancy received the solution of vanadium citrate in concentrations of 3,75, 15,625 та 62,5 mkg V/kg body weight, respectively. The material for the study included homogenates of pancreas and the skeletal muscle of the thigh of pregnant female rats, in which glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity was determined. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in pancreas and skeletal muscle of pregnant female rats reduced as compared to non-pregnant rats. This is due to the inhibition of glucose oxidation in the pentose phosphate pathway. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in these tissues in pregnant animals increased as compared to group I. The increase in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in pregnant females indicates the activation of glycolysis and the intensive use of glucose in the energy metabolism. Under the conditions of exposure of rats to vanadium citrate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in pancreas increased significantly in group IV, while lactate dehydrogenase activity decreased in group V as compared to pregnant animals of group ІІ which did not consume vanadium. In the muscles of pregnant animals exposed to vanadium, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity significantly reduced in groups III and IV, but increased in group V, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity decreased in group III and increased in group V as compared to pregnant animals in group II. Vanadium contributes dose-dependently to the approximation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity in pancreas and skeletal muscle of pregnant animals to the values of their activity in non-pregnant animals. It causes a normalizing effect on lactate dehydrogenase activity and promotes oxidation of glucose in the pentose phosphate pathway. This allows us to consider this trace element as a potential dietary supplement for pregnant women. Prospects for further studies include the study of hematological and biochemical parameters, protein metabolism in rats in different physiological and pathological conditions under the action of vanadium citrate at different concentrations.
Evaluation of exogenous effects of carbohydrate and ethanol solutions on rat liver
The results of studies of exogenous action of glucose and ethanol solutions on the rat organism with description and demonstration of pathological changes of the liver are presented in the article. Prolonged action of ethanol and its metabolism products on the liver, especially acetaldehyde, and under conditions of enhancement by other factors (for example, carbohydrate solutions), leads to impaired function and causes significant morphological changes. Morphofunctional disorders of the liver, in turn, can provoke some serious animal complications, one of which is type 2 diabetes. This is due to the crucial role of the liver in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Type 2 diabetes became a widespread disease in pets in recent years, which is primarily related to their diet. The effects of this disease are reduced productivity, stunted growth and high early mortality in animals. A study of one of the most important indicators of carbohydrate metabolism - serum glucose content, showed that animals that regularly consumed a carbohydrate solution (by drinking way) for 23 days had a 54% increase in blood glucose, while in rats with additional alcohol load in the diet (ethanol solution in combination with glucose solution) - by 77% compared to control. Carrying out histological studies in experimental animals revealed the development of pathological changes, which depending on the conditions of the experiment had different severity. In particular, when consuming carbohydrate solution by drinking way, the animals developed: granular hepatocyte dystrophy and histiocytic infiltration of the interparticle connective tissue. In animals treated with a carbohydrate solution in combination with ethanol, granular and hyaline-drip hepatocytes, histiocytic infiltration of the interparticle connective tissue, and cholestasis in the bile ducts were detected.
Influence of vicasol on the krebs cycle dehydrogenases activity and state of antioxidant defense system of the smooth muscle tissue of geese
The aim of work was to study the effect of vicasol on the Krebs cycle dehydrogenase activity and the state of the antioxidant defense system of geese muscle tissue of the stomach. According to the results of the work, it was found in the smooth muscle tissue of the stomach of geese, vicasol increases the activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase on the 14th and 21st days of ontogenesis, in particular, on the 14th day glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity increase by 181.1 % (p≤0.05), 153.2% (p≤0.05) i 103.3% (p≤0.05), after 7 days 168.0% (p≤0.05), 99.7% (p≤0.05) i 111.3% (p≤0.05) relative to the control group. The antioxidant system enzymes activity of the experimental group on the 28th day tends to decrease, however, a significant difference is observed only between groups of animals for superoxide dismutase, whose activity is reduced by 62.5 % under the influence of vicasol (p≤0.05). On the 35th day of ontogenesis, the activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the experimental group increases by 43.2% (p≤0.05) and 54.1% (p≤0.05) compared to the control, at this time the activity of superoxide dismutase is lower by 23.9 % (p≤0.05). A significant increase in the concentration of lipids hydrogen peroxides (28th day) by 27% (p≤0.05) relative to the control was established in the tissue, followed by a decrease on the 35th day of ontogenesis. Vicasol stabilizes the content of end products of lipid peroxidation in tissue homogenate, with the exception of a decrease of 8.6% (p≤0.05) at the end of experiment. Upon induction of peroxide processes with Fe2+ in cell, it is increased their content by 108 % (p≤0.05) (21st day), at the end of the experiment, a decrease in the content of secondary lipid decomposition products in the experimental group of animals by 27.5% (p≤0.05). The antioxidant activity of the tissue at the beginning of the experiment under the influence of vicasol was higher by 30%, on the the 21st day decreased by 50% relative to the control group, and on the 35th day it increased by 21,6 %. Vicasol increases the activity of the Krebs cycle dehydrogenase, in particular, succinate dehydrogenase, which activity is higher during the experiment by 14- (78.2%; p≤0.05), 21- (263.3%; p≤0.05), 28- (78, 8%; p≤0.05) and the 35th (92.3%; p≤0.05) day. 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity are more specific and significantly increases relative to the control group by 14- (122.2%; p≤0.05), 21- (84.4%; p≤0.05) and on the 28th (133.3%; p≤ 0.05) day relative to the control group. In general, vicasol activates the system of antioxidant protection and energy metabolism, that is, it is a complex activator of the body’s metabolic functions.
The influence of horse-chestnut grafting on characteristics of resistance to chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić
Copyright (c) 2020 Biological Resources and Nature Management
The theoretical basis rationale quality indicators of the implementation mechanized technological processes in the field's conditions
The technological process cultivation culture is a set of mechanized technological operations. The technological operations are related to each other's technological parameters and terms of implementation. In order to obtain the predicted crop yields, it is necessary to ensure that the conditions of the plants are brought closer to their requirements by the efficient use of the working bodies of agricultural machinery. The optimal conditions for the plant are created by the strict observance of the established agrotechnical requirements by the working bodies of agricultural machines. Poor quality assurance of the technological operation cannot be restored as a result of other technological operations. Therefore, compliance with agrotechnical requirements at every operation is extremely important. The technique determining quality indicators of the performance technological operations by agricultural machines, depending on the culture and technology of its cultivation, is presented. The technique allows you to analyze the impact each technological operation depending on the selected agricultural machines, working conditions and operating modes through indicators quality of their work on changing the planned crop yield. In order to ensure consistent energy storage by the plant, the quality index at all technological operations should be optimized. The analysis of the curves shows that the planned yield of good conditions is 90 c / ha. Using a real complex of machines makes adjustments to the quality of the technological operation. As a result of the calculation we get a decrease in yield by 15.69 c / ha. The specified technique allows you to calculate the real indicator crop productivity, taking into account its changes during the process, depending on the technology growing crops and a set of machines; to receive and analyze the cost of work of agricultural machines reduced to productivity. This makes it possible to optimize the technological process growing crops by providing a rational indicator of the quality of work of agricultural machines at each technological operation of the cost of work.
Variation of the surface hardness of plow-and-tine movable operating parts of tilling machines being in service
Physical and mechanical properties of friction surfaces are subject to changes in the process of wear, thus providing for probable increase or decrease in the wear rate. The study of laws governing the wear induced changes of the physical and mechanical properties of the surface layers will allow to work out the recommendations for improvement of the machine part wear resistance. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the soil environment characteristics on the variation of the surface hardness tilling machine movable operating parts in service. Hardness measurements were performed using the T-UD-2 ultrasonic hardness meter under ASTM A1038-19. Because of wear of the surfaces of the plow-and-tine movable operating parts of tilling machines being in service, the surface hardness increases by 1,61…21,42 %, which is explained by the self-strain-hardening process taking place due to interaction with the abrasive soil particles that have a higher hardness. A note should be made of a more significant increase of the micro-hardness on the surface of the movable operating parts of plows, i.e. by 7,44…21,42 % compared to 1,61…5,2 %, whereby the same is increased in the tines. The build-up of the specific pressure in the abrasive material-to-surface contact area and increase of the abrasive consolidation degree lead to an increase of the surface hardness of the tilling machine movable operating parts. An increase in surface hardness has been observed in the process of wear of the plow-and-tine movable operating parts of tilling machines, which can be explained by strain-hardening of the surface layer. The strain-hardening effect occurs due to the high speed of the plastic strain exceeding the speed of thermal processes on the friction surface since the said tribosystem is of open type.
Content of fatty acids in pig muscle tissue after application of feed additives LG-MAX and SEL-PLEX
Pork consumed by humans should have a low ratio of Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids with as much of the long-chain fatty acids of the Omega-3 family as possible, as well as selenium concentrations. Today, the main source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DPA, and DHA) is marine fish, which limits their intake. Therefore, it is important for every step to increase the concentration of these fatty acids in the human diet from sources other than seafood. For the ratio of feed of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the Omega-6 / Omega-3 family as 3.6: 1 and supplementation of 0.4 mg of Selenium per 1 kg of dry matter of feed (organic selenium: inorganic selenium as 1: 1) , increased the concentration of PUFA of the Omega-3 family by 42% and 20% in the fatty layer and pig meat compared to pigs of the control group. At the same time, the ratio of Omega-6 / Omega-3 fatty acids was 4.7 in meat and 4.0 in fat. Other scientists have shown that with the use of organic selenium in feed statistically significant difference was found in the ratio of saturated fatty acids (p <0.05), other fatty acids did not differ between the experimental groups. The purpose of the study was to determine the fatty acid content of porcine muscle tissue for use in the feeding of feed additives LG-MAX (2.0 g dose) and Sel-Plex (as instructed). Feed additives for the animals of the experimental group were fed with compound feed, taking into account the need for animals in Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (the daily requirement of pigs in Omega-3 is 672 mg. In 1 g of experimental feed additive contains 353 mg of Omega-3). The study was based on samples of muscle tissue from the longest muscle of the back (m. Longisimus dorsi) of pigs sampled at the level of 10-12 thoracic vertebrae during slaughter at the end of the study period. Lipid extraction from the samples was performed by the Folch method. Lipid hydrolysis and fatty acid methylation of lipids were performed according to DSTU ISO 5509-2002 Animal and vegetable fats and oils. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (ISO 5509: 2000, IDT). Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed on a Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph (flame ionization detector, SPTM-2560 chromatographic capillary column), in an accredited laboratory. A standard mixture of 37 Component FAME Mix (Supelco) fatty acid methyl ethers was used to identify the acids, quantitative calculation was carried out by internal normalization and their percentage content was determined. Among the saturated fatty acids found in pork of experimental group D3, there was a significantly lower content of stearic and heptadecanoic acids by 2.90% (p <0.01) and 0.03% (p <0.01), respectively, compared to pork obtained from control group of animals. At the same time, the content of lauric, myristic and palmitic fatty acids was significantly higher, respectively, by 0.03% (p <0.01), 0.34% (p <0.01), 2.73% (p <0.001) than in control. No significant difference was observed in the content of the remaining saturated fatty acids. Of the monounsaturated fatty acids identified, significantly higher pork content of the D3 experimental group was observed for nerve and cis-11-eicosenoic acids by 0.04% (p <0.01) and 0.07% (p <0.001), respectively in pork obtained from the control group of animals. At the same time, the oleic acid content was significantly lower by 3.06% (p <0.001). The palmitoleic and cis-10-heptadecene content of monounsaturated fatty acids did not show any significant difference compared to the control. Among the PUFAs of the Omega-6 family, there was a significantly higher content of 2.99% (p <0.001) in the D3 linoleic acid group than in the control group. No significant difference was observed in the content of cis-11,14-eicosadiene and cis-13,16-o-6 docosadiene PUFA. A study of the PUFA of the Omega-3 family found that in the D3 experimental group, the content of linolenic acid was significantly higher by 0.06% (p <0.01) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid 0.01% (p <0.05) than in the control. In the pig samples of the experimental group of pigs receiving this feed supplement to the main diet, the number of PUFAs of the Omega-3 and Omega-6 families increased by 0.1% and 3.02%, respectively, compared to the control. This resulted in an increase in the ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 PUFA by 2.9% compared to the control. At the same time, the ratio of PUFA to NFA was 0.314 (1: 3.2) in pork and 0.237 (1: 4.2) in control. Application to the main diet of pigs feed additive LG-Max and Sel-Plex has a significant increase in pork: lauric (p <0.01), myristic (p <0.01), palmitic (p <0.01) saturated fat acids; nervous (p <0.01) and cis-11-eicosenic (p <0.001) monounsaturated fatty acids; linoleic (p <0.001), linolenic (p <0.01) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic polyunsaturated fatty acids. The total content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids in the study group was almost the same as in the control group. At the same time, the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the Omega-3 and Omega-6 families increased by 0.1% and 3.02%, respectively, compared to the control, which led to a regulation of PUFA / NLC ratio of 1: 4.2 (in control) to 1: 3,2 (in the experiment). The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was 0.314 (1:3.2) in pork, and 0.237 (1:4.2) in control. This testifies to the regulation of oxidation processes and the activity of metabolic processes (proteins and lipids) in pigs, and to the improvement of the biochemical properties of pork, both for human consumption and for the storage of meat.
Peculiarities of autonomic nerve regulation of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium in cows receiving feed additive “Germatsink”
Autonomic nervous system plays a leading role in the processes of adaptation of the organism to changing environmental conditions. The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism’s resources in response to stress factors, and the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system provides the current regulation of physiological processes. Correction of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium content in cows with the feed additive “Germatsink” in animals with different tone of autonomic nervous system is extremely relevant for the science and practice of veterinary medicine. The goal of the study was to investigate the efficiency of homeostasis of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium macronutrients correction in the cows’ organism depending on autonomic nervous system using the feed additive “Germatsink”. The study was carried out on cows on Ukrainian black-and-white breed cows of the 2-3 lactations. The tone of the autonomic nervous system of cows was determined using a trigeminovagal test. According to the results obtained, animals were determined as normo-, sympathico- or vagotonics. The cows of the experimental group received the feed additive “Germatsink” at a dose of 10 ml/day within ten days. The diet and milking regimen were not changed. Animals in the control group did not receive the feed additive. Blood samples obtained from the jugular vein of cows before feed additive application and in 10, 30 and 45 days after were used as the research material. Content of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were determined in whole blood, blood cells and serum. Calcium content in sympathicotonic cow’s blood cells was significantly lower by 6.0% (p <0.05) and ionized calcium content in serum was higher by 4.7% (p <0.05) than in normotonic ones. After the feed additive “Germatsink” application in cows with different tone of the autonomic nervous system there was only a tendency to increase of its content in the serum (by 3.0-5.0%). However, if in the blood cells of normo- and vagotonic cows the content of this macronutrient decreased (by 4.5-5.8%), then in the sympathicotonic ones increased. Therefore, the content of calcium in the blood cells and ionized calcium in the serum of sympathicotonic cows ceased to be significantly different from that in normotonic cows within 10 days after the beginning of the studies. After the feed additive “Germatsink” application the content of total phosphorus in the blood of cows with different tone of the autonomic nervous system did not change significantly. Whereas the content of inorganic phosphorus in the serum slightly increased (within the tendency of 2-9% depending on the tone of the autonomic nervous system of cows). It should be noted that in 10 days after the beginning of the studies, the content of inorganic phosphorus in the serum of sympathicotonic cows ceased to be significantly different from that of normotonic ones. The content of phosphorus in blood cells and inorganic phosphorus in the serum of sympathicotonic cows was significantly lower by 7.5% (p <0.05) and 7.8% (p <0.01), respectively, than in the normotonic ones. Before the feed additive “Germatsink” application the ratio of total calcium to inorganic phosphorus in the blood of normo- and vagotonic cows was not different significantly. Whereas in sympathicotonic cows the value of this index was higher by 10.3% (p <0.05) than in cows with normal tone of the autonomic nervous system. It should be noted that in 10 days after the beginning of the study the ratio of total calcium to inorganic phosphorus in the blood of cows with a predominance of the tone of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system ceased to be significantly different from that in normotonic cows. The magnesium content in serum and blood cells of sympathicotonic cows was significantly lower by 16.7% (p <0.01) and 11.5% (p <0.01), respectively, against of normotonic ones. In 10 days after the application of feed additive, the magnesium content of the serum of the normotonic and vagotonic cows increased by 5.3–5.6%, respectively. Later, up to 30 days after the beginning of the study it increased more by 16.1–17.9% (p <0.05–0.001), but up to the 45th day it decreased by 4–11%. In contrast, the magnesium content in the serum of sympathicotonic cows from the 1 to 10 day and from the 10 to 30 day of the study increased by 8.2% (p <0.05) and 23.6% (p <0.001) respectively. Thus, within 10 days after the beginning of the study, the content of this metal in the serum of sympathicotonic cows did not differ significantly from that of normotonic ones. However, in 30 and 45 days these differences become significant. Thus, the magnesium content in the serum of sympathicotonic cows decreased by 10.5% (p <0.05) and 11.3% (p <0.05), respectively, from the index of animals with normal tone of autonomic nervous system. The content of magnesium in the blood cells of cows with different tone of the autonomic nervous system after the feed additive “Germatsink” application did not change significantly. It should be noted only that it increased from the 1st to the 10th and from the 10th to the 30th day of the study in the blood of sympathicotonic cows by 5.3 and 12.15%, respectively (p <0.01). As a result, in 10 and in 30 days after the beginning of the study, the content of this metal in the blood cells of sympathicotonic cows was not significantly different from that in animals with normal tone of autonomic nervous system. The ratio of mono- to divalent ions in blood cells before the feed additive “Germatsink” application also did not differ in cows with different vegetative status. However, in 10 days after the beginning of the study, the value of this index in vagotonic cows became significantly lower by 7.63% (p <0.01) than in normotonic ones. But, later it ceased to be significantly different from that of cows with normal tone of the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, revealed results show that feed additive “Germatsink” application to cows with different vegetative status has a corrective effect on the content of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
Feeding of the Ternopil region in climate change
Climate change on a global and local scale necessitates a detailed analysis of the state of crop production and the development of new and improvement of existing elements of technology of crop production. The purpose of this work was to investigate the peculiarities of the development of feed production in the Ternopil region in the conditions of climate change. In the course of the study used the following general scientific methods of research: induction and deduction (analysis and generalization of research results), analogies (comparison between periods of research), generalization (conclusions). It is established that the climate changes observed on a global scale are also reflected in the Ternopil region and affected the size and structure of the acreage of forage and forage crops. In the Ternopil region, at the end of XIX - beginning of XXI, significant climatic changes were observed, which were manifested in the increase of temperature regime and redistribution of annual rainfall, which negatively affected agricultural production. This led to a change in the acreage of crops and was manifested in an increase in the share of cereals forage crops and soybeans and a decrease in the percentage of legumes and typical fodder crops in the structure of crops. The increase in the average daily air temperature and the heat supply of the growing season contributed to the increase of the sown areas of cereal forage crops and soybeans. At the same time, these factors adversely affected the production of legumes and typical fodder crops. Increased rainfall causes an increase in the acreage of water-loving leguminous and forage crops and reduces the soybean and cereal forage crops.
The Uzhgorod green space system includes a large number of parks that are monuments of local landscape art. It is relevant today to study their species composition and ecological and biological features. Eight parks and squares of the city of different subordination, which are a part of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, were selected as objects of research. During the subarea inventory, the taxonomic composition of the plantations of these objects was established, which is formed by representatives of 36 families, 67 genera, and 119 species of woody plants. Predominantly representatives of the Department of Angiosperms (93 species). The systematic analysis of the dendroflora showed the numerical representation of the families Pinaceae (22%), Rosaceae (17,6%) and Oleaceae (14,7%). Most North American species (36,4%). The researches of the identified plants according to their relation to the main environmental factors – light, humidity, air temperature and soil richness are carried out. The results obtained indicate a broad amplitude of ecomorphs and adaptive features of woody plants
Seasonal dynamics of accumulation of mycotoxins in corn grain
Introduction. Many Fusarium species that are common in the soil can produce a number of different mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and some other toxins such as zearalenone and fumonisins B1 and B2. The hazard of these mycotoxins to animals and humans is linked to the ability, both individually and in different combinations, to cause intoxication by exhibiting synergistic effects. Therefore, it is envisaged to control the accumulation of mycotoxins in grains and their products in connection with the occurrence of a significant risk to the animal and human. Objective. to analyze the seasonal dynamics of Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in corn grain intended for food and technical needs and exports. Methods. The research was based at the State Research Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise during 2014-2017. In order to determine the content of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, zearalenone, 325 samples of corn grain, which were received in different seasons, were used. Determination of mycotoxin content in corn grain samples was performed using Ridascreen® test kits (R-Biophаrm AG, Germany). Results of the analysis were automatically calculated by the method of external standards using the RIDA®Soft software. Results. The amount of T-2 toxin in corn grain in the fall was minimal and did not exceed the MRL for grain intended for food and technical use and for export. However, winter, spring, and summer showed an accumulation of this mycotoxin in the grain, which almost reached the MRL. The amount of zearalenone in corn grain received for research at different seasons of the year was within the limits of the MPL. Analysis of corn grain samples taken during winter and spring showed that the zearalenone concentration in it was almost 1.5 - 2 times higher than in autumn. Samples of corn grains that came to the laboratory during the summer contained significantly more zearalenone. This indicates the accumulation of this mycotoxin during storage. The average amount of deoxynivalenol did not exceed the MRL (for food and technical needs and exports) for corn grain investigated in the autumn. The corn grain that was received in the winter, spring and summer study was contaminated with deoxynivalenol in most cases at the maximum permissible level. Certain batches of grain were unsuitable for use even for forage purposes. Conducted analysis of the frequency of detection of mycotoxins in corn showed that the most common mycotoxins in corn were DON and T-2 toxin, less revealed zearalenone. Discussion. Out of 325 samples of corn grain that came for research, 65 % were contaminated with mycotoxins, the level of which was within the permitted by MRL; 11,7% of the grain contained T-2 toxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol, and each exceeded the mentioned permitted level for grain intended for food and technical needs and exports, and 6.5% of the samples contained deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin at a level unacceptable even for forage purposes. 23 % of the samples of corn grain were contaminated with two or more mycotoxins at the same time. The lowest levels of T-2 toxin, zearalenol and deoxynivalenol were observed in corn grain during the autumn storage period. In winter, autumn and summer, the accumulation of T-2 toxin, DON, zearalenone was observed in corn grain. Risk assessment should be carried out through continuous monitoring of mycotoxins in grains during cultivation, storage and processing of grain to prevent the increase of mycotoxins in grains during storage. This will allow for measures to reduce the accumulation of mycotoxins in the cultivation, storage and processing of grain. The development and use of highly sensitive screening and confirmatory methods will allow the detection of as few mycotoxins as mycotoxin content is unstable and may increase over time. The introduction of periodic control of raw materials at all stages of storage and processing of grain is necessary in the process of grain entering the food chain.
Modeling of the influence of land transformation of Ukraine on the formation of CO2 emission and assimilation and the potential of reducing its concentration in the atmosphere
The article presents the results of studies of the influence of land transformation of Ukraine on the formation of CO2 emissions and assimilation and the potential of reducing its concentration in the atmosphere. The reports of Ukraine to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) from 1990 to 2015 were used. Based on the data of correlation-regression analysis, it is established that the impact on CO2 emission and assimilation is caused by the transformation of lands: into forests (by 83.9%), wetlands (by 54.3%), settlements (by 38.7%). According to the results of the research, three levels of significance of the environmental impact of land transformation on the formation of CO2 emissions are identified. Forests and wetlands are included in the 1st, arable lands and settlements in the second, other lands and pastures by the third. Of the 75.5% of the total change in CO2 volume, 15.3% is explained by the variation in the change in arable land; 6.6% - by changing the areas of land converted into pastures; 41.1% by the change in the area of land transformed to settlements; 6.2% by changing the area of land transformed to other land; 6.2% is explained by changes in air temperature. The data obtained showed that a change of the area of transformed lands by 1% for individual lands (except forests and wetlands), provided that the established transformation trends are maintained, will lead to an increase (or decrease) of CO2 emissions: for arable land - by 22.5%; for pastures - by 23.7%; for settlements - by 38.7%; for other lands - by 23.8%. A change in air temperature of 1% (0.0879 t ˚C), if the trends of transformation are maintained, will result in a 34.8% change in CO2 emissions. It is proved that air temperature is a determining component that simultaneously affects all types of land and the formation of CO2 emissions. This factor is sufficiently influential and poorly controlled and can dramatically change the environmental situation.