Environmental safety of application of mineral fertilizer in white wheat production in southern Ukraine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/bio2018.03.010Abstract
The article deals with the ecological safety of application of mineral fertilizers in winter wheat cultivation without irrigation in the Southern Ukrainian Steppe. It has been established that in case of nitrogen fertilizer applying it is necessary to take into account: the availability in soils to available nitrogen forms, the plants nitrogen needs for obtaining the corresponding yield, and also the plants response to different forms of nitrogen fertilizers. The nitrogen fertilizers are readily soluble and easily washable, they are preferably introduced before sowing and used as a source of plant nutrients. Having examined the agroecological assessment of the main traditional types of fertilizers, it can be argued that when we apply 100 kg of ammonium nitrate, the soil is replenished by 84 mg / hectare of nickel, 20–25 mg / hectare of cadmium, zinc and cuprum.
Such amount of impurities is safe for soil ecology (Tc> 100), but when the planned doses of fertilizer (larger than 35 kg / ha) are applied, the concentration of heavy metals will increase, and that is potentially dangerous. Concerning the surface water pollution, the greatest danger is the cadmium impurity (water quality, grade 3). The variety of winter wheat Khersons`ka bezosta showed the best harvest results in scientific research. However, the application of urea increased the yield by 22.06%. Fertilizer Efficiency Coefficient (FEC) for granulated mineral fertilizers significantly exceeds the same index for liquid fertilizers, because the yield increases with the lower amount of this applied active substance. It demonstrates the economic efficiency of granulated fertilizers application in agrotechnologies. To that end, ammonium nitrate application to winter wheat of Khersons`ka bezosta and Kiriia is the most effective. Ecotoxicological risk assessment allowed to define the ecotoxicity of the substances and to evaluate the hazards and risks associated with environmental contamination. Ammonium nitrate is the most dangerous among the applied mineral fertilizers.
Key words: ecological safety, mineral fertilizer, winter wheat, ecotoxicity, grain yield, the south of Ukraine
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