Scientific journal «Biological Systems: Theory and Innovation»
ISSN 2706-8390 (Online), ISSN 2706-8382 (Print) Scientific Herald of NULES of Ukraine. Series: Biology, Biotechnology, Ecology → Scientific journal «Biological Systems: Theory and Innovation» Subject: Coverage of scientific studies on the biology, biotechnology and ecology. Year established: 2010 Founders: National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Published 4 times a year Languages of the publication: Ukrainian, English. Address: Heroyiv Oborony st., 15, Kyiv-03041, Ukraine. Phone: +38 044 527 87 20 Indexed in the following international scientometric databases: Ulrichsweb AGRIS Google Scholar EBSCO MIAR BASE The main purpose of the journal is the promotion of biology, biotechnology and ecology. Its main purpose is publishing articles of problem-techniques in production, synthesis and methodical, which highlights research results with statistical data with theoretical and practical significance relevant to agriculture and not previously published.
Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України
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Ecological and economic justification of the efficiency of carbon sorbents based on sawwood of different trees
The paper analyzes the effectiveness of the use of carbon sorbents based on sawdust of various tree species in decontamination of fuel and lubricants. The advantages of using the sorption method as an effective, widespread, simple and affordable method for cleaning oil products are substantiated. Attention is focused on the quality of the sorbent material for the use of carbon sorbents from sawdust of various tree species. The structural, physico-chemical, absorption and sorption characteristics of carbon sorbents from vegetable raw materials are given and the effectiveness of their use for cleaning water and soil environments is shown. The ecological and economic advantages of cleaning the water and soil environment from oil products with carbon sorbents from plant raw materials, compared to other methods and means of cleaning, are revealed.
Copyright (c) 2024 Scientific journal «Biological Systems: Theory and Innovation»
Biomorphological features of helleborus purpurascens waldst. & kit.
Helleborus purpurascens Waldst. & Kit. – a valuable medicinal and decorative plant. Biomorphological research as a component of a comprehensive study of the species is the basis for the development of a set of measures for the preservation of natural populations and for the further wide application of economic and valuable traits of plants in their cultivation. The ontomorphogenesis of H. purpurascens under culture conditions in the Sofiyivka National Dendrological Park of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was investigated. It was found that at all stages of the virginal period of ontogenesis monopodial growth of the axial shoot takes place with the dominance of the apical meristem. Traumatic elimination of the apical meristem at all stages of the virginal period leads to the replacement of the axial shoot by a lateral one, but does not promote branching. In the typical course of ontogenesis, the generative period begins in the fourth year of life of individuals, after which there is a transition to the sympodial model of shoot formation. Monocarpic shoots develop according to the type of dicyclic, development according to the type of incomplete, oligo- or polycyclic are manifestations of polyvariance. Features of the structural and functional organization of monocarpic shoots are described, their morpho-structural zones are characterized. It was found that: the lower inhibition zone (LIZ) is represented by 2-3 metamers with short internodes and cataphylls with dormant buds in their axils; innovation zone (IZ) – one (2) metamer(s) with a short internode and a cataphyll with a renewal bud in its axil; middle inhibition zone (MIZ) – one (2-3) metamer with a photophilic typical leaf(s) of the middle formation; amplification zone (AZ) – inflorescences of the cymoid type. According to the nature of the location of individual structural elements of the shoot and root sphere within the adult individual, H. рurpurascens belongs to monocentric, vegetatively immobile biomorphs, the destruction of the axial part of the main shoot in which does not lead to natural vegetative reproduction and an increase in the number of individuals.
Study and assessment of the of the Taegro WP application on strawberries biological effectiveness in the conditions of the agricultural sector and private farms
Today, throughout the world, the use of chemicals is the main method of combating plant diseases both before and after harvest. To date, there are certain problems with each fungicidal drug against "gray rot" in Ukraine. The solution to these problems can be the use of biopesticides, such as the researched drug Taegro, WP. Materials and methods. To achieve and evaluate the tasks, such scientific research methods were used as: the method of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and systematization, natural experiment, physico-chemical, organoleptic, sanitary-microbiological, methods of statistical analysis and mathematical modeling. Research results and their discussion. The technical efficiency of the fungicide Taegro WP in suppressing the damage of strawberry berries by gray rot in plantations, with the rate of its use of 0.18 and 0.37 kg/ha, was 70.60 and 81.05%, respectively. The use of the Taegro WP with a application rate of 0.18 and 0.37 kg/ha helped to increase the yield of strawberries to 10.05, 10.34 t/ha, while the yield in the control variant was 8.65 t/ha. It was noted that after the application of the fungicide Taegro WP with a rate of 3.7 g/ 5 l of water / 1 acre, an increase in the level of total chlorophyll in the leaves of strawberries of the garden variety Alina was observed, which was 457.5-667.5 units, which is 68.5 % higher compared to the control. Conclusion. In a number of field experiments, it was established that the fungicide Taegro WP with application rates of 0.18 and 0.37 kg/ha in the conditions of industrial production and with a consumption rate of 3.7 g/ 5 l of water / 1 acre in the conditions of private auxiliary farms has a high technical efficiency against strawberry damage.
Ecosystem services as the object of interdisciplinary collaboration
The concept of ecosystem services embodies an ideological framework, serves as a subject for fundamental research, provides methodological groundwork for applied projects, offers a practical approach to natural resource management, acts as a platform for international governmental and non-governmental collaboration, and serves as a means of knowledge production. The article presents the results of a systematic literature analysis focused on identifying key research trends in the field of ecosystem services that need further attention and development. It also highlights promising directions for transdisciplinary collaboration in the implementation and management of ecosystem services. Research methods involved iterative information retrieval, analysis of scientific papers, and review of contemporary methodological approaches. Based on the processed sources, seven comprehensive research directions of ecosystem services and twenty branches were identified. Ecosystem services are characterized as boundary objects. The main findings point to the need for integration of scientific disciplines, involvement of a wide range of stakeholders, and consolidation of development perspectives across various fields to achieve a compromise between ecosystem services utilization and conservation. The role of boundary organizations in achieving these goals is emphasized. An insufficient integration between social and ecological disciplines in Ukrainian science is identified along with probable reasons for this situation. The conclusions underscore the importance of a transdisciplinary approach to ecosystem services research. Future research prospects include expanding collaboration between researchers and practitioners, as well as refining methodological approaches for comprehensive ecosystem services study.
Phytoparasitic nematodes of three enegry crops for biofuel production
The literature review focuses on a comprehensive analysis of scientific research aimed at studying the interaction of phytoparasitic nematodes with energy crops such as Miscanthus, Jerusalem artichoke, and paulownia, as well as examining the factors influencing the spread of these nematodes in cultivation systems of three biofuel crops: giant Miscanthus, velvetleaf, and Jerusalem artichoke. The research is grounded in analyzing the interaction between nematodes and the yield of these crops, along with the potential positive impact of nematode communities from different trophic groups on soil quality and phytoremediation. Special attention is given to phytoparasitic nematodes, which are among the most widespread soil pests of plants. Considering the interaction between nematodes and energy crops is crucial for developing resilient and efficient cultivation systems that ensure high yields and preserve the biodiversity of soil ecosystems.The research concludes that phytoparasitic nematodes have a significant negative impact on the cultivation of energy crops, particularly giant miscanthus. However, certain climatic, chemical, and physical conditions are conducive to the formation of nematode communities that can positively affect soil quality and maintain its fertility. The review provides an overview of three energy crops for biofuel production (giant Miscanthus, velvetleaf, and Jerusalem artichoke), highlighting the nematode pests associated with each of these crops, which have been found in the rhizosphere of plants over many years of published research. Attention is also given to the negative impact of phytoparasitic nematodes on the cultivation of energy crops, especially Miscanthus. However, it has been observed that certain climatic, chemical, and physical conditions favor the formation of nematode communities that can positively influence soil quality and maintain its fertility. This work is significant for the development of strategies to manage the population levels of various trophic levels of nematodes, especially phytoparasitic ones, particularly in the context of cultivating promising energy crops for biofuel production. Additionally, the review describes the important influence of phytoremediation on the population of nematode communities in the soil. The obtained results can serve as a basis for further research in this field and the implementation of effective methods to preserve soil fertility and increase the productivity of energy crops. Furthermore, the findings of this literature review can contribute to the development of environmentally sustainable methods for cultivating energy crops, thereby aiding in the conservation of natural resources and reducing the impact of agricultural activities on the environment.
Conditions for the formation of water quality with the biological cleaning method
Many organizations, especially the IMO (International Maritime Organization), began to conduct research on the dangerous impact of polluted waters on public health. Therefore, these waters undergo purification, after regeneration they are returned to circulation, and only after the impossibility of regeneration has been determined, they are averaged and transferred to factory treatment facilities and disposed of. Methods of cleaning polluted industrial waters can be combined into the following groups: mechanical, physical, physico-mechanical, chemical, physico-chemical, biological, complex. The method of purifying sewage and reservoir water from toxicants using the eichhornia plant differs in that, before water purification, the toxicant that limits the purification process is first determined, and then, before planting in the water to be purified, the eichhornia plant is moved into a solution of the toxicant, which is administered in small doses with by adding a plant growth stimulator and/or an oxidation catalyst that limits toxicants, and the cleaning is carried out in a state of rest of water, movement or bubbling with water vapor and/or air with a temperature from 2 to 50°.
THE INFLUENCE OF N-METHYL-N′-NITRO-N-NITROSOGUANIDINE ON AVERMECTIN SYNTHESIS ABILITY OF STREPTOMYCES AVERMITILIS UKM AS-2179 AND APPEARING AUXOTROPHIC MUTANTS
An important way to transition to ecologically safe agrotechnologies is the abandonment of chemical means of plant protection and the transition to biological ones. The effectiveness of the use of chemical means of plant protection is gradually decreasing, which is connected with the emergence of resistant populations of pests and pathogens. The aim of the presented work was to study the influence of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the survival and isolation of highly active variants of S. avermitilis UKM As-2179, the avermectin-synthesizing activity of which would be higher than that of the original strain. Biochemical methods of determining avermectin-synthesizing activity were used in the work, the qualitative assessment of the culture's ability to synthesize avermectins was performed by the TLC method, and the concentration of avermectins in ethanol extracts was determined by the colorimetric method. The influence of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the viability and antibiotic activity of the avermectin complex producer S. avermitilis UKM As-2179 was studied. It was found that the optimal time for obtaining clones with increased antibiotic activity is 15 minutes of treatment with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, during which 30% of the spores of the studied strain survive, and the biosynthetic activity increases by 2.7 times. To identify clones of S. avermitilis UKM As-2179 with increased synthesis of natural avermectins, the method of induced МННГ mutagenesis can be used.
Eutrophication of the Kyiv reservoir of Ukraine: review
It is known that the process of eutrophication in freshwater (especially in lakes and reservoirs) is increasing every day. That is why the relevance of this research is related to the existing processes of eutrophication in the Kyiv Reservoir of Ukraine. The research was conducted on the basis of laboratory research materials in 2021 year (before starting russian-Ukrainian war – 24.02.2022) and in 2023 year (after 600 days starting russian-Ukrainian war). The main aim of the research was to determine the main cause-and-effect relationships of strengthening eutrophication processes of the Kyiv Reservoir, which are currently available. It has been established that eutrophication of the Kyiv Reservoir occurs under natural and anthropogenic conditions. During the analysis (2021-2023 years), we identified the main causes of natural (transportation of nutrients due to floods, increased abrasion processes, climate change) and anthropogenic eutrophication (agricultural and urban activities, military activities). Analyzing the cause-and-effect relationships of the intensification of eutrophication processes, we emphasized the main consequences of the anthropogenic load on the water body of the reservoir for aquatic biota (change in trophic relationships in the aquatic ecosystem, reduction of aquatic biodiversity), for different branch of human activities (deterioration of the aesthetic value and water quality for water use, recreation and agriculture). Also, we highlighted the implications of eutrophication for the reservoir such as water toxicity that can influence the water bodies and biota (the appearance of cyanobacteria, which are harmful to biota and people).
Features of in vitro cultivation of astragalus dasyanthus pall plants
The research is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of in vitro cultivation of the medicinal plant Astragalus dasyanthus Pall, which is listed in the Red Book of Ukraine and has the status of an endangered species. The cultivation of woolly-flowered astragalus in Ukraine is currently difficult due to the inaccessibility of the raw material base in the temporarily occupied southern part of Ukraine, as well as due to the low seed productivity of the crop. The use of in vitro plant tissue cultivation methods to restore natural communities of A. dasyanthus and expand possible sources of raw materials for the synthesis of medicinal substances is promising. In this work, we investigated the conditions for obtaining aseptic Astragalus dasyanthus plants from seeds and evaluated the effect of preliminary mechanical scarification on its germination energy, taking into account the percentage of sterile seedlings obtained. In addition, the efficiency of microclonal propagation of A. dasyanthus was determined depending on the composition of the culture medium, in particular the concentration of macronutrients and the presence and concentration of growth regulators. It has been shown that aseptic plants of Astragalus dasyanthus can be obtained by surface sterilization of seeds that have been previously subjected to mechanical scarification or by germination on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/l benzylaminopurine. It was determined that the type and concentration of cytokinin affects the efficiency of microclonal propagation of A. dasyanthus plants, while halving the content of macronutrients in the nutrient medium does not significantly affect this item. It was found that the addition of benzylaminopurine to the culture medium stimulates the formation of more additional shoots of A. dasyanthus in vitro compared to the culture medium containing kinetin. Thus, Murashige and Skoog medium with the addition of 0.5 mg/l of benzylaminopurine is optimal for in vitro cultivation of woolly-flowered Astragalus plants.
NATURAL RESOURCES OF UKRAINE: CONSEQUENCES AND RISKS OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION
The natural resources of Ukraine are suffering from russia forces. Ukraine is known as one of Europe’s largest grain producers. Ukraine is a major exporter of wheat (accounts for 10% of world exports), corn (15%), barley (15%), and sunflower (especially oil – 50%). The ongoing the Russian-Ukrainian war strengthens the unstable economic system in country. Military actions influence the environment of Ukraine in terms of climate change, soil and impact on agriculture, water security and supply. According to this, grain production in Ukraine decreased by 40%, and structure of crop losses due to war: wheat – 39%, sunflowers – 17%, corn – 12%, barley – 8%, fruits and berries – 3%, other crops – 21%. In addition, the Russian-Ukrainian war has impacted water availability and quality (risk for water resources), soil quality and degradation (risk for soil resources), forest health and productivity and habitat of species (risk for biological resources). For instance, the description of sewage treatment plants (the sewage treatment facilities were shelled in the city of Mykolaiv city, the sewage treatment facilities in the village of Novotroitske, Volnovasky district, Donetsk oblast were damaged etc. ), disruption of water supply to the crop production (damaged irrigation systems in Ukraine: 94% in the Kherson region, 74% in the Zaporizhia region, 30% in the Dnipropetrovsk region ), pollution of the surface and underground waters (massive flooding of military equipment and ammunition in reservoirs, leaks of oil products and other chemical compounds). In this article, we analyzed of the environmental situation under the impact of russian aggression on the state of natural resources of the country and justification of the consequences of this impact; identified the determination of the main risks for providing the country with food and the branches of the national economy with water supply, as well as the preservation of environmental components; proposed the development of proposals for the assessment of environmental damage to the environment as a result of the military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine. We have identified the main risk: for food safety (the impact of military actions on soil resources – a risk of reduced food provision potential due to the loss of land productivity, since up to 30% of agricultural land is mined and according to the results of 2022, the crop yield losses has reached 17%); for environmental safety (the impact on military actions on water resources – damaged the dams and drainage systems, destruction of sewage treatment plants, seizure of hydroelectric power plants, and mining of coastline caused bacterial (oil products, lubricants) and organic (biogenic substances) pollution of water bodies and water shortages for the population (complete absence of water supply in temporarily occupied territories) and agriculture (irrigation networks were affected)); for protection of ecosystems (up to 20% of the reserve fund has already been affected, 600 species of fauna and 750 species of flora, including those listed in the Red Data Book, are threatened with extinction).
STUDY OF PATHOGENICITY OF GAEUMANNOMYCES TRITICI - THE TAKE-ALL FUNGUS
Isolates of Gaeumannomyces spp. obtained from diseased roots of winter wheat showing take-all symptoms were characterized by pathogenicity. All isolates were more pathogenic on wheat and barley than on oat, and were identified as G. tritici. Most isolates of G. tritici were characterized as middle pathogenic, the pathogenicity of one isolate was higher than those of others, and two isolates showed the lowest pathogenicity. 30 isolates of dark-colored fungi were isolated from the affected plants of winter wheat, which according to cultural characteristics were previously assigned to the genus Gaeumannomyces. To establish the species affiliation of the selected Gaeumannomyces isolates, we investigated their pathogenicity and specialization on three grain crops: wheat, barley, and oats. All isolates affected the roots of all three crops, but they were more pathogenic on wheat and barley. Based on this feature, they were previously assigned to the subspecies G. graminis var. tritici (now the species G. tritici). The pathogenic properties of the isolates were studied on seedlings of Yelyk wheat plants. All G. tritici isolates analyzed by us showed a high level of pathogenicity. The G. tritici 9/1 isolate was characterized by significantly higher pathogenicity compared to other isolates according to the "disease development" indicator. Most of the other isolates showed medium pathogenicity (3/20, 7/20, 2/16/21, 3/16/21, 16/22), and only two isolates (1/20, 4/16/21) were low pathogenic. In our research, in addition to the "disease development" indicator in points (0-4) to assess the pathogenicity of isolates, we used indicators that characterize the growth and development of plants, namely "weight of 1 seedling" and "mass of roots from 1 seedling". Taking into account the data on these indicators, isolate 9/22 was characterized by significantly higher pathogenicity compared to other isolates: when affected by it, the mass of wheat seedlings and roots was significantly lower than in other variants. Isolates 3/20 and 7/20 were characterized by medium pathogenicity, when infected with them, a significant decrease in the mass of the roots of seedlings was noted. Isolates 16/22 and 3/16/21 showed a low level of pathogenicity - the decrease in root mass was insignificant.
ETHYLENE AND FATTY ACIDS AS MARKERS OF STRESS RESISTANCE IN WINTER WHEAT
There are a number of global problems in the agricultural sector of Ukraine, including environmental factors such as climate change, floods and droughts, which cause damage to plant tissues and significant losses of food crops. A significant obstacle to the development of agriculture and food security in Ukraine are biotic factors, in particular pathogenic bacteria, viruses and microfungi. Fusarium are the most widespread and aggressive pathogens to grain crops, especially to wheat. These obstacles can be overcome by introducing wheat varieties resistant to Fusarium into agronomic practice. However, selection of resistant wheat to fusariosis along the path of traditional centuries-old selection is a laborious and expensive road. However, selection of resistant wheat to fusariosis along the path of traditional centuries-old selection is a laborious and expensive road. Therefore, the search for new effective tools that will facilitate the selection of plants with desirable characteristics at the early stages of breeding programs is an urgent task. Methods. Wheat varieties of different resistance to abiotic and biotic factors in field conditions were used in laboratory studies: resistant, semi-resistant and non-resistant. Ethylene and fatty acids were determined by gas chromatographic methods. The results. Patterns of ethylene and fatty acid synthesis of winter wheat varieties with different resistance to biotic and abiotic factors were revealed. Resistant varieties are characterized by a significantly higher content of these compounds compared to non-resistant varieties. A similar regularity was found in relation to the lodging of plants: the higher the content of these compounds, the greater the resistance to lodging. Conclusions and perspectives. This article describes two methods of assessing the resistance of winter wheat to abiotic and biotic stresses, which can be implemented in breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2023 Scientific journal «Biological Systems: Theory and Innovation»
Acoustic pollution of cities and its impact on human life activities
The results of acoustic measurements and sociological studies indicate that the main source of acoustic pollution in cities is motor vehicles. About one in two city residents suffers from the noise it generates. Imperfect legislative and regulatory framework, lack of economic instruments to regulate acceptable levels of noise is the reason for the growth of acoustic pollution in cities. The most investigated is industrial noise, while the problem of urban street noise is less studied. It is very difficult to study street noise because this type of noise can originate from a large number of sources. The aim of the study was the measurement of noise pollution and its mode within two cities of different countries. In particular, it is the review of the processes of noise pollution impact on human health and the environment, analysis of the current state of noise pollution in urbanised territories, as well as the identification of modern mechanisms for solving noise pollution issues in urbanised territories. Research methods: field measurements of acoustic pollution levels, analysis, statistical processing of research results, generalisation. Measurements of the maximum level of sound were carried out with the help of FLUSET-965 device. Measurements were conducted according to the standard methodology. The dynamics of noise pollution in the streets of Holosievsky district of Kyiv in comparison with the streets of Cologne, Germany allows us to understand that the type of road surface, traffic intensity, organisation and composition of traffic flow has a significant impact on the level of noise pollution. The methods of calculation of the expected noise level of road transport can be taken as a basis for the selection of building-acoustic measures for protection of residential premises and public buildings from transport noise.
In vitro production of virus-free carnation (dianthus cariophyllus l.) Planting material
The methods of culture of apical meristems and direct and indirect morphogenesis in vitro were used for production of virus-free planting material of carnation. A scheme for obtaining aseptic material has been developed, which consists of stepwise treatment of explants: Thimerosal - 2 min, 70% ethyl alcohol - 0.5 min and 0.08% AgNO 3 - 1 min, which reduces the level of contamination by fungal infection. Expounded the results of studies of callusogenesis and direct and indirect morphogenesis in the culture of in vitro explants of Dutch carnation, their dependence on the content of growth regulators in the nutrient medium. It was established that there were almost no significant differences in the course of callusogenesis processes within carnation varieties . At the same time, the frequency of callusogenesis was 100%. Under the conditions of indirect morphogenesis realization, it is necessary to take into account the age of callus tissues. The growth and intensive shoot formation of carnations was noted on the Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium supplemented with BAP at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l. The best medium for rooting was the MS medium with half the concentration of macro- and microsalts with the addition of 0.5 mg/l of NAA, which is recommended by us for rooting regenerating carnation plants of various varieties. Peat : perlite in a 1:1 ratio was used as a substrate for the adaptation of regenerating plants . Survival of carnation plants to conditions in vivo for the variety "Raffino Linde" was 90%, while for the variety "Tiya" - 83%, respectively.
Agroclimatic factors and productivity of different maturity groups soybean cultivars under endophytic-rhizobial inoculation in conditions of non-irrigated agriculture of the southern steppe of Ukraine
The article presents the results of studies of weather and climatic conditions during the production processes in the period of formation of the yield of soybean varieties of different maturity under pre-sowing endophytic-rhizobial inoculation of seeds, as well as the functional activity of the rhizosphere microbiota and plant productivity in conditions of non-irrigated agriculture. The average temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were determined for the interphase periods, which are the main indicators that affect the evapotranspiration, moisture deficit, and moisture coefficient. The experiments were conducted at the experimental field of the Odesa State Agricultural Research Station, located in the southern steppe zone of Ukraine. The soil of the experimental field is a heavy loamy southern chernozem. The moisture availability indicators show that the southern part of the Steppe zone of Odesa region during the growing season of crops (April-September) in 2023 belonged to the semi-arid zone, and in July and September - to the desert. Evapotranspiration and moisture deficit during the growing season of plants of both soybean varieties (ultra-early maturing Diona and mid-season Sviatohor) varied significantly and depended on the average monthly temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Evapotranspiration reached 1045.1-1244.0 mm, resulting in a moisture deficit of 913.3-1100.4 mm. Due to insufficient rainfall in June, July and August, most crops experienced an increase in moisture deficit. The use of complex thermotolerant and drought-resistant microbial inoculants with stress-protective functions reduced the negative impact of agroclimatic factors on soybean plants and rhizosphere microbiota. The main directions of scientific and economic activity for obtaining consistently high crop yields in the southern part of the Steppe zone are the structuring of sown areas with an optimal share of irrigated land and the use of innovative biological preparations.
The species diversity of four-legged mites (Acari: Eriophyoidae) in the urbophytocenosis of Kyiv
The superfamily Eriophyoidea is a large and diverse group of mites that includes a number of species of economic importance, mainly on perennial plants in agriculture and forestry. This article updates the latest data on the species diversity and distribution of eryophyoid mites in the phytocoenoses of Kyiv. Monitoring of four-legged mites was carried out in 2012-2022 from May to September on the territory of the Fomin Botanical Garden, the M.M. Hryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, in parks, squares and street plantings of Kyiv. During the research, field and laboratory methods were used in accordance with generally accepted methods in acarology. As a result of the surveys, it was found that in the current state of phytocoenoses in Kyiv, the fauna of four-legged mites includes 28 species from 11 genera (Acalitus - 2 species, Aceria - 9, Aculops - 1, Aculus - 5, Anthocoptes - 1, Epitrimerus - 1, Eriophyes - 4, Phyllocoptes - 1, Phytoptus - 1, Trisetacus - 2, Vasates - 1 species). Invasive species account for 21.4 %. They include Aceria erineus, Aceria loewi, Aculus hippocastani, Anthocoptes platynotus, Eriophyes vitis, Vasates allotrichus. The most common are 4 species of mites: Eriophyes tiliae, Aceria petanovicae, Aceria fraxinivorus and Aceria cephalonea. Seven species of Eriophyceae are characterised by significant harmfulness: Aceria erineus, Aceria fraxinivorus, Aceria petanovicae, Aculus tetanothrix, Eriophyes leiosoma, Eriophyes pyri, Eriophyes tiliae. The article presents the fodder plants, gives a brief description of the peculiarities of the types of damage and the occurrence of four-legged mites in the phytocoenoses of Kyiv. The practical value of the work is that the information on the presence, abundance and distribution of the four-legged mites will help in monitoring and making future management decisions.
The main factors influencing the damage and population dynamics of Cameraria ohridella (Deschka & Dimic, 1986) in urban plantations of Kyiv region
In Ukraine, the horse-chestnut leaf-miner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae, Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, 1986) was first discovered in 2002 in the Lviv region. Currently, the species is widespread in Ukraine and its range continues to expand. The consequence of the life activity of the miner lies in severe damage to the leaves and premature defoliation, negatively affecting the accumulation of reserves of nutrients necessary to maintain the vitality of plants in the winter and restore growth in the spring. The article provides data on the first detection and further spread of the invasive pest of horse-chestnuts C. ohridella in the world and on the territory of Ukraine. The phytosanitary condition of horse-chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in the conditions of urban plantations in Makariv town, Buchansky district, Kyiv region in 2022 was studied. The data of the seasonal dynamics of the number of the pest, tracked with the help of pheromone monitoring, are given. In the course of route surveys of horse chestnut plantations, the phytosanitary condition of the trees on both sides of the road in the city of Makariv along Dmitriy Rostovsky Street and on the territory of the Makariv Lyceum No. 1 was assessed according to the following criterias: damage to the crown, the degree of damage to the leaf plates, and the overall vitality of the trees. The condition of each tree was assessed with a certain number of points according to the appropriate methods. According to the conducted surveys, it was found that the trees that were located on the isolated territory of the Lyceum suffered less damage from the phytophagus during the month and had significantly higher vitality and decorativeness, compared to the horse-chestnuts that grew along the road. Phytophage pheromone monitoring showed that the number of C. ohridella recorded in traps on both sides of the roadway on Dmitry Rostovsky Street significantly exceeded the number of insects caught on the territory of the educational institution. A clear inverse relationship between the number of insects caught and meteorological conditions was established: during heavy rains with high air humidity, the flight of the chestnut miner almost completely stopped, and the number of insects in the traps was close to zero, and vice versa.
Resistance of calendula officinalis varieties to alternariosis
The article describes the features of the manifestation and development of alternariosis on different varieties of medicinal marigold (Salendula officinalis). Medicinal marigolds, thanks to a number of pharmaceutical properties, are today strategically important crops for medicinal plant cultivation. However, many factors affecting the yield and quality of raw materials during their cultivation lead to low economic efficiency of their cultivation and as a result of the reduction of sown areas. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the resistance to Alternaria of the main varieties of medicinal plants, which will allow to increase the efficiency of their cultivation in the future. One of these factors is the disease of medicinal plants, since the issue of their control is not studied, and the use of chemical fungicides on medicinal plants is prohibited. One of the ways to control the spread and development of diseases is the cultivation of resistant varieties, but this issue is also not sufficiently studied. Alternaria is one of the most common and dangerous diseases of medicinal plants. The harmfulness of alternariosis manifests itself as a result of mold growth, reduction of the photosynthetic surface of leaves, and contamination of agricultural products with fungal metabolites, which can be phyto-, mycotoxins, and allergens. Therefore, during 2020-2022, in the conditions of the scientific laboratory "Demonstration Collection Field of Agricultural Crops" of NUBiP of Ukraine, a study of resistance to Alternaria of 30 varieties of medicinal plants was conducted: Apricot, Apricot Jam, Gitana, Deja Vu, Jiga Jiga, Indian Prince, Kabluna Gold, Californian. Terry, Candyman, Cremebrûlée, Monarch, Pink Surprise, Orange Heart, Green Heart, Golden Balls, Monarch, Orange King, Princess, Radio, Red Doctor, Touch of Red, Fiesta, Citron, Citrongelb, Magic Sari, Red Heart, Sherbet. Under the conditions of the research, the varieties Dejavu, Gitana, Golden Balls, Mandarin Twist, Crembrule, Kabluna Gold, Monarch, Touch of Red, Fiesta and Charivne Sari showed the greatest resistance to the causative agent of Alternaria. High resistance to the causative agent of Alternaria was observed in varieties Apricot Jam, Geisha, Orange King and Green Heart. Varieties California terry, Candyman, Pink Surprise, Orange Heart, Princess, Red Doctor, Citron, Citron Gelb, Red Heart and Sherbet had a weak susceptibility to the pathogen of Alternaria.
Phytopathogenic mycobiota in agrocenoses of cultural plants in the conditions of the central forest steppe of Ukraine
Intensive development of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the agrocenoses of cultivated plants leads to significant crop losses, deterioration of its quality and reduction of plant productivity. Phytopathogens are a powerful factor in biological pollution of agroecosystems. The purpose of our study is to determine the number and species composition of micromycetes on the leaves of sunflower plants of Dushko and Oliver hybrids and winter wheat of Podolyanka and Skagen varieties in the agrocenoses of the Central Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Studies of the mycobiome of the leaves of sunflower plants have shown that the number of micromycetes is significantly influenced by the biological features of the investigated sunflower hybrids and their cultivation technologies. It was established that the number of phytopathogenic micromycetes on the vegetative organs of the investigated hybrids under the organic technology of sunflower cultivation was at the level of the traditional technology and varied between 14.6 and 19.9 thousand CFU/g of dry leaf. The species composition of micromycetes on the leaves of sunflower plants was determined and it was established that the dominant fungi are the following genera: Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller, Alternaria Nees, Penicillium Link; Fr, Fusarium Link and Cladosporium Link. They were characterized by a different frequency of occurrence during the growing season, which ranged from 15 to 70%. According to the results of the research of the mycobiome of the leaves of winter wheat plants, it was established that the number of micromycetes on plant leaves ranged from 0.9 to 3.8 thousand CFU/g of dry leaf and significantly depended on the cultivation technology and biological characteristics of plants of different breeding origins. Metabolites of Podolyanka winter wheat plants under conditions of both traditional and organic growing technology stimulated the development of micromycetes in the mycobiome of vegetative organs of plants. Metabolites of Skagen winter wheat plants under conditions of different cultivation technologies restrained the development of micromycetes at an ecologically safe level. The species composition of micromycetes on the vegetative organs of winter wheat plants was determined, and it was established that under the conditions of traditional growing technology, the dominant micromycetes were the species F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, and B. sorokiniana with a frequency of occurrence of 55 to 70%. And in the conditions of organic cultivation technology - F. oxysporum and T.viride, the frequency of which was 50%. Micromycetes of these genera are toxin-producing species that contaminate agricultural crops with mycotoxins, which poses a danger to animal and human health.
Causes of soft rots of vegetable crops of the Dickeya genus
The significant changes taking place recently in the agrocenoses of our country are quite a challenge for specialists in plant protection. Among other problems, attention is drawn to the increase in the number and harmfulness of bacterial diseases. Vegetable crops are in the area of special attention. The spread of soft bacterial rot during the cultivation and storage of vegetables causes significant losses to farms. Forecasting the spread and organization of measures to control pathogens of bacterial soft rots of vegetable crops requires an assessment of the spectrum of widespread pathogens. In recent years, pathogens of the genus Dickeya have attracted special attention among the causative agents of bacterial soft rots of vegetable crops. This pathogen was previously found only in the tropics and subtropics. However, in recent years, the number of reports on damage to various vegetable crops by this phytopathogen in European countries has been increasing. The movement of the pathogen to the north is also accompanied by an increase in the aggressiveness of the pathogen and an increase in economic losses from damage by wet bacterial rot both during the cultivation of plants and during the period of crop storage. The purpose of the presented research is to analyze and summarize data on the harmfulness, ways of spreading, identification and methods of control of pathogens of bacterial soft rots of vegetable crops of the genus Dickeya. The work uses general scientific (generalization, comparison, system analysis) methods. It was established that phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Dickeya have a significant potential for introduction on the territory of Ukraine. Bacterial rot caused by representatives of this genus can affect the most important vegetable crops for our country: potatoes, carrots, tomatoes. The spread of pathogens of the genus Dickeya occurs with seed material during agricultural work. To prevent significant economic losses from this pathogen, it is necessary, first of all, to introduce pre-sowing control of seed material.
Analisis of phitodiversity according to the state of vegetation pf the Petropavlovsk estuary lanscape reserve and its surroundings
The Petropavlovsk estuary landscape reserve and its surroundings are subject to significant anthropogenic influence as a result of human activity. That is why the analysis of phytodiversity is important in order to get an idea of the level of transformation of the territory of the reserve. In the course of the work, an ecomorphological analysis of flora was carried out and anthropogenic influence on phytocenoses was revealed. A list of plants with bio-ecological certification, which were discovered during research, was compiled. Three points were chosen for research. During the work, 16 descriptions were made at these points, with different projective cover by vegetation twice during the growing season. The flora is characterized by a small variety of species – 94 higher vascular plants belonging to 33 families. Astracaea, Poacaea, and Rosacaea are among the main families with the greatest abundance of species. Hemicryptophytes predominate among climate morphs, and species that are partially light-demanding among ecomorphs. Biomorphs are characterized by the dominance of polycarps (perennial plants). Hygromesophyte and xerophyte species predominate in the hygrospectrum of the flora. . Species with medium moisture conditions make up 16%. The share of xerophytes in conditions of moderate moisture is 7%. Species that show wide tolerance to moisture conditions make up 2%. Among trophomorphs, mesotrophic species completely dominate. The coenomorphic structure is mainly represented by typical types of bows. In all descriptions there is a ruderal fraction, as well as species that partially or facultatively belong to this group. Due to the obvious anthropogenic influence (fouling which is a consequence of recreational and economic activities plowing, livestock grazing, there are signs of technogenic load), plant associations are poorly developed. The total fraction of adventitious species is 29%, of which 14% of species form a stable fraction in the investigated phytocenoses. There are two species, that are considered to be quarantined. Tree and shrub vegetation is very poorly developed and makes up less than 5% of the entire flora and is in a state of degression. The research area needs further observations of the state of transformational changes in vegetation that are occurring at this stage.
Biodiversity of insect dendrobionts in forest shelterbelts of the northern forest-steppe of Ukraine
On the basis of a high level of biodiversity, a structural and functional organization of the living matter of the biosphere and its components is created, which determines the stability and resistance of the latter to external influences. It is known that biodiversity provides extremely important functions of ecosystems, which in turn provide the entire planet with oxygen, clean air and water. It is worth noting that plant pollination, pest control, wastewater treatment and many other types of ecosystem services are also considered functions that ensure a high level of biological diversity. It is known that on the territory of Ukraine in the XX century. more than 25,000 species of insects were known. Insects have one of the main ecological functions, namely the role in the circulation of matter, energy and information, which ensures ecological stability. Insects also play a leading role in the functioning of ecosystems, occupying the main areas of the planet. Until recently, the role and significance of biodiversity in modern agriculture was not actually investigated. Currently, it is not known exactly how many species of insects live in agricultural landscapes, but according to leading experts, at least two-thirds of the total entomofauna of the country. Taking into account the environmental factors that pose a threat to biodiversity, it is extremely important to study the state and natural dynamics of the insect fauna, as well as to develop measures to preserve the species biodiversity of Ukrainian landscapes. An assessment of the state of biodiversity of dendrobiont entomofauna of the Northern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during the growing seasons of 2021-2022 was carried out. It was established that the entomocomplex of dendrobionts includes 550 species belonging to 50 families from 8 orders. Taking into account the factors that pose a threat to biodiversity, it is extremely important to study the state and natural dynamics of the insect fauna, and to develop measures to preserve the species biodiversity of agro-landscapes of Ukraine.
Ecological assessment of anthropogenic impact on the state of phytocenoses of Holosiiv park named after Maksym Rylskyi of the city of Kyiv
Anthropogenic load on natural phytocenoses is manifested by disturbance of plant cover, synanthropization of the floristic composition of groups, destruction of plant distribution areas, reduction of biodiversity, and changes in plant growth and development conditions. The degree of anthropogenic load on natural phytocenoses is a global problem that requires detailed study and monitoring studies, especially in the conditions of urban ecosystems. The natural conditions affecting the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maxim Rylskyi city of Kyiv according to physical and geographical, climatic, edaphic, and orographic features. The influence of anthropogenic activity in the experimental plots was determined and the level of anthropogenic pressure on the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maxim Rylskyi city of Kyiv was carried out by analyzing available sources of industrial production, transport, etc. It has been established that Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylskyi is subjected to constant anthropogenic load, in particular, intensive recreational use, atmospheric air pollution has been established, which leads to the impoverishment of biodiversity in certain areas of the park. The level of atmospheric air pollution in the territory adjacent to the experimental sites was assessed using computational and instrumental methods. It was established that the estimated CO level exceeds the standards by 8 times on Holosiivskyi Avenue and by more than 30 times at the intersection of Maksym Rylskyi Street and Holosiivskyi Avenue. The analysis of the state of the atmospheric air using instrumental research methods did not show an excess of the content of the main pollutants, however, according to the Air Quality Index, it is moderately polluted by the content of dust with a diameter of 2.5 microns. The study of the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylsky of the city of Kyiv within the experimental plots was carried out by studying their floristic composition and evaluating the ecological groups of plants. Because it is the analysis of ecological groups of plants that makes it possible to assess the ecological conditions of plant groups, the place of growth, and phytocenotypes of plant species that are part of the phytocenosis, that is their role in the formation of the phytocenosis. The ecological assessment of the state of phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylskyi of the city of Kyiv was carried out using the method of bioindication and lichen indication (lichen research). These methods make it possible to determine the level of anthropogenic load acting quickly and relatively easily on phytocenoses within the experimental plots. To determine the state of the trees in the experimental plots, the method of assessing the asymmetry of morphological structures was used (using the example of the hanging hornbeam Carpinus betulus L.). A comparison of the floristic composition and the state of the phytocenoses showed that plot No. 1 has a depressed state, plants do not grow evenly, and drying of trees was observed. Plot No. 2 has the best condition, the plants of the plot are characterized by the best indicators of growth and development, the largest number of species, and the frequency of occurrence of species. Site No. 3 did not record significant degradation of the phytocenosis, but there is a certain mosaic of the phytocenosis, which may be due to atmospheric air pollution and significant recreational pressure, in particular, trampling. Plot No. 2 and Plot No. 3 have the highest coefficient of species composition commonality. Common plant species in the respective areas are: Carpinus betulus L., Anemonoides ranunculoides L., Ficaria verna, Trifolium repens and Corydalis solida.
Biochemical features and pharmaceutical potential of medicinal plants from different agroclimatic zones of Ukraine
Natural products, especially those of plant origin, are a major source for identifying promising lead candidates and play an important role in future drug development programs. The ease, availability, low cost, and minimal side effects make herbal medicines a major key player in all available treatments, especially in rural areas. In addition, a large number of plants are a rich source of bioactive chemicals that have no undesirable side effects and have powerful pharmacological effects. Plants have also always been an exemplary source of medicines, and many of the drugs currently available are derived directly or indirectly from them. The use of specific plant species developed regionally, based on the local flora. The aim of the study was to determine the biochemical characteristics and pharmaceutical potential of medicinal plants from different agroclimatic zones of Ukraine. In the course of the work, it was determined that a large number of varieties of medicinal plants grow on Ukrainian lands. In the course of the work, it was determined that a large number of varieties of medicinal plants grow on Ukrainian lands. The high pharmaceutical potential of medicinal plants largely depends on the soil and climatic conditions of each territory, even within the same climatic zone, and has its own special conditions. The combination and correlation of numerous meteorological elements, such as heat, humidity, light, etc., affect the biochemical characteristics and pharmaceutical potential of a plant. Therefore, it is the agroclimatic zone of growth of a medicinal plant that is of great importance for its further use in medicine.
Communities of potamion miljan 1933 union on the territory of national nature park «Рyriatynskyi»
The communities of higher aquatic plants of National Nature Park (NPP) “Pyriatynskyi” have a high level of cenotic diversity, occupy large areas and ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem of the Uday River valley. Their inventory, classification and study of the structure are important for the development of effective protection measures and that is an urgent task of modern botany. We have investigated the plant communities of Potamion union (class Potametea Klika in Klika et Novak 1941, order Potametalia Koch 1926) on the territory of NPP “Pyriatynskyi” in 2012–2022 by carrying out the geobotanical descriptions within their natural boundaries. Projective coverage was recorded as a percentage with subsequent transformation into points. Their further processing was carried out by the capabilities of the JUICE software package. The nomenclature of syntaxons was consistent with the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. The results of research showed that Potamion union on the territory of NPP “Pyriatynskyi” is represented by 7 associations: Potametum natantis Hild 1959, Potametum graminei Lang 1967, Potametum lucentis Hueck 1931, Potametum perfoliati Miljan 1937, Elodeetum сanadensis Nedelcu 1967, Potamo pectinati–Myriophylletum spicati Rivas Goday 1967 and Potametum crispi von Soό 1927. Phytocoenoses of Potametum crispi, Potametum perfoliati, and Potametum natantis associations are the background communities of higher aquatic vegetation, while Potametum graminei and Potametum lucentis are rare in the studied area and do not occupy significant areas. Elodeetum sanadensis community is a reservoir for the spread of an invasive adventive species of North American origin Elodea canandensis with the ability to naturalize in natural ecosystems. Monitoring of their structure, chorology and dynamics is an important task for maintaining and preserving the species and coenotic diversity of NPP “Pyriatynskyi”.
Dynamics of influence of some heavy metals on the biosynthetic capacity of streptomyces recefensis var. Lyticus 2p-15 for the synthesis of amylolytic enzymes
Modern biotechnology of enzymes is a promising and rapidly developing branch of industrial biotechnology, which requires new promising research in the aspect of optimizing the conditions of biosynthesis of enzymes. Modulation of the biosynthetic activity of producer strains allows to significantly increase the economic output of production. The most important factor in increasing efficiency is the composition of the nutrient medium, which can be optimized depending on the needs of the microorganisms. Within the framework of a complex study of the optimization of the composition of the nutrient medium by the simplex method of mathematical modeling, the aim of the work is to study the effect of some heavy metal ions on the biosynthetic capacity of the strain Streptomyces recefensis var. lyticus 2P-15. The influence of some heavy metal ions on the biosynthetic capacity of the strain Streptomyces recefensis var. lyticus 2P-15 in terms of synthesis of amylolytic enzymes, accumulation of biomass and protein. The object of the study is the strain Streptomyces recefensis var. lyticus 2P-15, obtained by three-stage selection of the producer. The simplex method of selecting the composition of the environment was used for the research. Standard methods for determining biomass and amylolytic activity were used to analyze biosynthetic activity. It was established that adding Co, Mo, and Cd ions at a concentration of 0.00001 and 0.0005 mg/ml inhibits the growth of biomass, but increases the protein content by 13-57%, respectively. It was determined that the addition of Co, Mo, Cd ions in different concentrations helps to increase both the quantitative and qualitative composition of the synthesized enzymes, and the best response was an increase in amylolytic activity by 354% compared to the control. The prospect of further research into the optimization of the biosynthesis of actinomycetes simplex by the method of other aspects of its regulation will increase the biosynthetic capacity of the studied strain, which will positively affect the economic output of the production of amylolytic enzyme preparations by obtaining microbial synthesis.
Diversity of fungi in the Carpathian mountains: literature review and investigation of current biological and ecological aspects
Biodiversity conservation is one of the fundamental prerequisites for sustainable environmental development. This research aims to study the diversity of fungi in the Carpathian Mountains and their distribution across major biotopes, analyze the results of anthropogenic influence, and develop practical adaptation strategies. The study employed general scientific methods of cognition, including systematic analysis and synthesis, specification, deduction, generalization, abstraction, and formalization. This article critically synthesizes the species composition of fungi in the Ukrainian Carpathians, investigates the distribution of fungal species within their ranges, and assesses the current coverage of this topic in scientific literature. The research aimed to establish a system of regularities and peculiarities of the research object, such as the impact of climate change and anthropogenic pressure on fungal diversity in the Ukrainian Carpathians. The formalization method was employed to formulate priority vectors for stabilizing and optimizing mycocoenoses in the Ukrainian Carpathians and to document the research results for active practical implementation in the region's environmental optimization process. A system of preventive measures is proposed as part of the strategy for adapting the environment to anthropogenic-climatic dynamics. Key measures for optimizing the ecological situation in the field of mycology in the region have been developed. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in their potential use for studying the dynamics of fungal diversity in the Ukrainian Carpathians during periods of global climate change. This research also contributes to developing adaptation strategies at regional and national levels and forming a comprehensive approach to biodiversity preservation in protected areas.
Identification of mycoplasma contamination in cell culture
Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest prokaryotes wich were found in the endosomes of mammalian cells. They are widespread contaminants in cell cultures. It was identified a mycoplasma infection in a human breast cancer cell line. It was used fluorescence microscopy and nuclear affinity 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. For the treatment of mycoplasma infection in cell culture, two antibiotics of the macrolide series (Tiamulin) and tetracyclines (Minocycline) was used. The effectiveness of combined antibiotic therapy against mycoplasmas has been proven, which was confirmed by the microscopic method. Therefore, treatment with combined antibiotics can completely eradicate mycoplasma infection from cultured cells.
Assessment of the effect of biochar on the process of thermolisis of biomass of plants grown on reclaimed lands
Samples of soil contaminated with heavy metals for pot experiments with annual crops (maize, sweet and sudan sorghum) were taken near the mines "Pavlogradska" and "Blagodatna" in the coal-mining region of Western Donbass. The basis of the reclaimed areas was an 8-10 m thick mine rock (MR) dump, covered with different layers of black soil or red-brown clay by creating two types of soil artificial profiles with the addition of 30 cm of black soil (30 cm of BS +MR) and 50 cm red-brown clay (50 cm RBC + MR). Experimental soil samples were treated with 3.0% (w/w) biochar. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of the addition of biochar on the process of thermal destruction of the biomass of maize, sweet and sudan sorghum, grown on different substrates - components of artificial reclaimed profiles (upper layers of chernozem mass and red-brown clay). The process of thermolysis of biomass components of three agricultural crops was studied by the method of thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal destruction of the biomass of the three studied plant species occurred in two stages: evaporation of water and volatile compounds (stage 1) and decomposition of the main components: hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin (stage 2). The first stage took place in the temperature range of 50-180°С. The process was slow, the maximum speed did not exceed 5-8%/min, the extreme point was observed at a temperature of 100-110°C. Loss of body weight is insignificant, 4.5–7.5%. The second stage is divided into two phases: the decomposition of holocellulose with the beginning of lignin decomposition (phase 1) and the cessation of lignin decomposition, and the formation of non-combustible residue (phase 2). Destruction of holocellulose occurred in the temperature range of 190-390°С. Due to the large amount of hemicellulose in the biomass of the studied plants, its decomposition was shifted to the region of higher temperatures. Therefore, the degradation ranges of hemicellulose and cellulose overlapped, and only one extreme point was observed in the DTG curves. The process proceeded at high speeds with the peak of destruction in the temperature range of 280-310°C. Weight loss was also the most significant and was between 50 and 55%. Decomposition of lignin occurred rather slowly, with one insignificant peak in the temperature range of 420-440°C. A weight loss of 26-30% has been established. At the first stage, the process proceeded mainly with heat absorption; the reactions of the second stage were exothermic with noticeable thermal effects in the zones of cellulose and lignin decomposition. Differences in thermal characteristics of sugar sorghum biomass grown on different substrates and with the addition of biochar were determined in the process of thermolysis. Degradation of holocellulose occurred more slowly in biomass collected from a vessel with red-brown clay, in contrast to lignin, which decomposed faster than in the experiment where the substrate was a loose layer of chernozem. The share of non-combustible residues was almost 2 times smaller. A slight increase in the rate of the cellulose decomposition reaction (1,2 times) and a significant increase in the rate of the lignin destruction reaction (5 times) was observed. In the treatment with biochar, a more complete combustion of biomass was observed. The rate of cellulose decomposition in the experiment with red-brown clay became somewhat higher, although the decomposition of lignin occurred more slowly. The share of non-combustible residues increased by 1,8 times. Thermal destruction of Sudan grass biomass on both substrates occurred in a similar manner. The addition of biochar did not reveal significant deviations in the thermal behavior of biomass grown on chernozem, in contrast to the experiment with red-brown clay, where the addition of biochar contributed to a significant reduction in the duration of thermolysis. The first stage of thermolysis of corn biomass was somewhat shorter in the experiment with a bulk layer of chernozem compared to red-brown clay and was accompanied by a lower mass loss. The same trend was observed in the decomposition of holocellulose. At the same time, the destruction of lignin in the version with chernozem lasted longer, the extremum point was shifted to the region of higher temperatures, the speed of the process was almost twice as low as in the version with clay, and the proportion of non-combustible residue was 1,7. times higher. More complete combustion of corn biomass was also observed in the version with biochar.
Scientific substantiation of environmental monitoring systems at the regional level using the examples of pm2.5, pm10 and ozone in wartime conditions
The system of continuous air monitoring during active hostilities near Kyiv was turned off in order to ensure security and mask the movement of Ukrainian military equipment. A study was conducted to determine the impact of military actions on the movement of air masses contaminated with fine dust: solid particles up to 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and 10 microns (PM10). During the fall or detonation of rockets, artillery shells and mines, as well as during the movement of a large amount of heavy military equipment, a large amount of finely dispersed dust of PM2.5 and PM10 fractions is formed, which spreads over long distances and settles on buildings, soils and plants. Getting this dust into the lungs negatively affects the human body in the form of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular complications. Usually, it is almost impossible to collect and analyze all the factors and factors affecting the person and the environment, because it is too complex a system in which accurate data and calculations are difficult, especially during active military operations. The collected monitoring data can help in the general assessment of the impact on the population and the surrounding natural environment and assess the potential damage caused by aggressive military actions. During the study, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 solid dust particles in the atmospheric air after missile, artillery, bomb attacks and other influential factors of a military nature was analyzed, as well as an assessment of the potential impact of such particles on the health of the population and the environment. Sampling was carried out on the territory of the city of Kyiv in the Shevchenkivskyi, Holosiivskyi, Obolonskyi, Svyatoshynskyi, Solomyanskyi districts. Due to the fact that it was impossible to predict the place of fall or impact of projectiles, some measurements were made in places as close as possible to the points of impact. The results of the analysis of the impact of PM2.5 and PM10 fine particles on the environment showed that due to atmospheric air pollution, the particles can settle on plants, enter the soil, water and subsequently negatively affect the state of local ecosystems.