Dynamics of plant density and survival of soybean plants , depending on mineral fertilizer and inoculation in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/dopovidi2022.05.004Keywords:
soybean, variety, bacterization, mineral fertilizer, nitrogen fertilization, field germination, plant stand density, plant survival.Abstract
Soy is the most important high-protein and oil-rich crop in world agriculture, which produces two crops during the growing season - protein and oil, and almost all the organic substances found in the plant world. Thanks to its rich chemical composition, soy is used as a universal, food, oil, and fodder crop. Growing soybeans also contributes to improving the chemical and physical properties of the soil, improving the phytosanitary condition of crops, and significantly increasing the productivity of the crop rotation area.
The formation of high soybean productivity is possible only in crops with optimal density and well-developed and evenly distributed plants in the feeding area. To a large extent, these parameters of soybean agro phytocoenosis are achieved due to obtaining friendly and timely seedlings, high field germination, and survival of plants during the growing season.
An excessive or insufficient number of soybean plants in the area leads to the irrational use of photosynthetically active solar radiation, the formation of a different crop structure, first all - the vegetative mass of plants, the number of branches, beans, and seeds on one plant and the height of beans attachment of the lower tier.
The formation of plants density in the area is significantly determined by the field seed germination. Its value is determined by the sowing qualities of the seed and the peculiarities of its preparation for sowing, the fertilizing system, the sowing rate and the method and timing of sowing, the hydrothermal regime, etc.
The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of rates and terms of mineral fertilizers application and seed inoculation with the microbial preparation of multifunctional action Phosphonitragin on the dynamics of density and survival of soybeans in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest Steppe.
Field research was carried out in 2013-2015 at the experimental field of the State Enterprise "DG Salivonkivske" of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
The soil of the experimental site is typical low-humus chernozem with a humus content of 4.56% in the 0-20 cm layer. Content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen (according to Kornfield) – 155-161 mg/kg of soil, mobile phosphorus (according to Chirikov) – 44-54 mg/kg of soil, exchangeable potassium – 95-107 mg/kg of soil, pH of salt extract – 6.7- 7.2.
The three-factor field experiment was laid according to the scheme: factor A - variety: Vilshanka (early ripening), Suzirya (medium ripening); factor B - pre-sowing seed treatment: without inoculation, complex bacterial preparation Phosphonitragin; factor C – mineral fertilizer: without fertilizers (control); P60K60; N15P60K60; N30P60K60; N45P60K60; P60K60 +N15; N15Р60К60 + N15; N30Р60К60 + N15. The predecessor is winter wheat. The technology of growing soybeans is generally accepted for the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, with the exception of the factors that were put to study.
The system of mineral fertilizing provided for the introduction of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers at the rate of P60K60 for the main tillage and nitrogen fertilizers - according to the scheme of the experiment: for pre-sowing cultivation and extra feeding of soybean plants in the budding phase. Pre-sowing bacterization of seeds was carried out with the complex bacterial preparation Phosphonitragin.
Hydrothermal conditions in the years of research differed both among themselves and relative to the average multi-year values. So, in 2013, due to the increased air temperature and good soil moisture, friendly seedlings appeared after 8-9 days. In general, the vegetation of soybean plants took place at an average daily temperature of 19.1-19.8℃ and a total amount of precipitation within the range of 251.4-334.0 mm. In May 2014, excessive precipitation (by 6.8 times) caused a delay in the germination period of soybean seeds, resulting in thinned and uneven seedlings. In general, the vegetation of soybean plants in the specified year took place against the background of average daily temperatures at the level of 18.6-19.5℃ and the amount of precipitation 308.7-337.2 mm.
In 2015, sowing was carried out on May 12. Sufficient moisture supply (by 77.3 mm more than average) against the background of higher (by 1.2℃) monthly air temperature contributed to the appearance of friendly and uniform stairs. In general, the vegetation of soybean plants in the specified year took place against the background of often stressful weather conditions for plants - the hydrothermal coefficient during the vegetation period of the studied varieties was 0.6-0.7.
On average, for 2013-2015, it was established that the maximum field similarity of soybean varieties Suzirya (95.3-95.4 %) and Vilshanka (92.0-92.2 %) was formed on the variants of the experiment that provided seed inoculation and application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of P60K60 and N15P60K60.
Analysis of the dynamics of plant density during their growing season indicates its decrease as a result of plant shedding during the growing season. Over the years of research, during the harvest period, the survival of soybean plants in the Vilshanka variety was within 89.0-95.2%, and in the Suzirya variety - at the level of 88.1-94.7%, as a result of which the density was formed at the level of, respectively, 55.6-60.5 and 56.8-62.4 pcs./m2.
The most favorable conditions for the growth, development, and preservation of the maximum number of plants were in the variants where soybean seeds treated with the complex bacterial preparation Phosphonitragin and N30P60K60 + N15 were applied in the budding phase. Under such a technological model of soybean cultivation, the density during the harvesting period was 60.5 pcs./m2 in the Vilshanka variety, and 62.4 pcs./m2 in the Suzirya variety.
References
Babych A. O., Babych-Poberezhna A. A. (2011). Selektsiia, vyrobnytstvo, torhivlia i vykorystannia soi u sviti. [Selection, production, trade and use of soybeans in the world]. Kyiv: Ahrarna nauka, 548 s.
Babych A., Bakhmat M., Bakhmat O. (2013) Soia : ahroekolohichni osnovy vyroshchuvannia, pererobky i vykorystannia [Soybeans: agro-ecological bases of cultivation, processing and use]. Kamianets-Podilskyi : PP «Medobory-2006», 268 s.
Babych A. O., Venediktov O. M. (2006) Modeli tekhnolohii vyroshchuvannia soi, yii ekonomichna efektyvnist ta konkurentospromozhnist [Models of soybean cultivation technology, its economic efficiency and competitiveness]. Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. Vinnytsia, Vyp. 56. S. 22–29.
Babych A. O., Novokhatskyi M. L. (2001) Osvitlenist roslyn ta yii vplyv na dynamiku lystovoho indeksu posiviv soi v umovakh Pravoberezhnoho Lisostepu Ukrainy [Plant illumination and its influence on the dynamics of the leaf index of soybean crops in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine]. Ahrarnyi visnyk Prychornomoria. Mykolaiv, Vyp. 12. S. 179–184.
Babych A. O., Petrychenko V. F. (1991) Fotosyntetychna produktyvnist posiviv ta vrozhainist zerna soi zalezhno vid sposobiv sivby i hustoty roslyn [Photosynthetic productivity of crops and soybean grain yield depending on sowing methods and plant density]. Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. Kyiv, Vyp. 31. S. 7–9.
Biolohichnyi azot : monohrafiia [Biological nitrogen: monograph] / za red. V. P. Patyky. Kyiv : Svit, 2003. 424 s.
Didora V. H., Baranov A. I. (2013) Shchilnist steblostoiu rannostyhlykh sortiv soi v Polissi Ukrainy [Stem density of early ripening soybean varieties in Ukraine]. Naukovi chytannia – 2013 : naukovo-teoretychnyi zbirnyk Zhytomyrskoho natsionalnoho ahroekolohichnoho universytetu. Zhytomyr, T. 1. S. 267–270.
Drobitko O. M. (2007) Produktyvnist fotosyntezu i urozhainist soi zalezhno vid prostorovoho i kilkisnoho rozmishchennia roslyn v ahrotsenozi [Photosynthesis productivity and soybean productivity depending on the spatial and quantitative placement of plants in the agrocenosis]. Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky Prychornomoria. Mykolaiv, Vyp. 2. S. 240–245.
Kaminskyi V. F. (2006) Ahrometeorolohichni osnovy vyrobnytstva zerno-bobovykh kultur v Ukraini [Agrometeorological bases of production of grain and leguminous crops in Ukraine]. Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky. Kyiv, № 6. S. 20–25.
Kaminskyi V. F., Pyndus V. V. (2013) Efektyvnist bakteryzatsii nasinnia u tekhnolohii vyroshchuvannia soi za orhanichnoi systemy zemlerobstva [Effectiveness of seed sterilization in the technology of growing soybeans under the organic farming system]. Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. Vinnytsia, Vyp. 77. S. 153–158.
Metodyka derzhavnoho sortovyprobuvannia silskohospodarskykh kultur [Methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops] (2000). Vyp. 1. Zahalna chastyna / red. : V. V. Volkodav; Derzh. komis. Ukrainy po vyprobuvanniu ta okhoroni sortiv roslyn. Kyiv, 100 s.
Moskalets V. V. (2002) Efektyvnist mikrobiolohichnykh preparativ na vyroshchuvanni soi [Effectiveness of microbiological preparations on soybean cultivation]: materialy vseukr. nauk.-prakt. konf. molodykh vchenykh i spetsialistiv z problem vyrobnytstva zerna v Ukraini. (m. Dnipropetrovsk, 5-6 ber. 2002 r.). Dnipropetrovsk, S. 83–84.
Nasinnytstvo ta metody vyznachennia yakosti nasinnia silskohospodarskykh kultur [Seed production and methods of determining the quality of seeds of agricultural crops] : navchalnyi posibnyk (2011) / za red. S. M. Kalenskoi. Vinnytsia: FOP Danyliuk, 320 s.
Novokhatskyi M. L. (2017) Optymizatsiia umov fotosyntezu ahrotsenoziv soi ta vykorystannia roslynamy yoho produktiv [Optimization of conditions of photosynthesis of soybean agrocenoses and use of its products by plants]. Tekhniko-tekhnolohichni aspekty rozvytku ta vyprobuvannia novoi tekhniky i tekhnolohii dlia silskoho hospodarstva Ukrainy. Doslidnytske, 2017. Vyp. 21. S. 258–267.
Osnovy naukovykh doslidzhen v ahronomii [Fundamentals of scientific research in agronomy] / za red. V. O. Yeshchenka. Kyiv : Diia, 2005. 288 s.
Petrychenko V. F., Lykhochvor V. V., Ivaniuk S. V. (2016) Soia : monohrafiia. [Soy: monograph] Vinnytsia : Dilo, 400 s.
Tkalich I. D., Shepilova T. P. (2011) Vplyv cposobiv ta strokiv vnesennia mineralnykh dobryv na urozhainist soi [The influence of the methods and terms of application of mineral fertilizers on soybean yield]. Biuleten Instytutu zernovoho hospodarstva. Dnipropetrovsk, №40. S. 50–53.
Tsyhanska O. I., Tsyhanskyi V. I. (2019) Vplyv systemy udobrennia na prokhodzhennia faz rostu i rozvytku sortiv soi ta na pokaznyk koefitsiientu zberezhennia roslyn [The influence of the fertilization system on the passage of growth and development phases of soybean varieties and on the indicator of the coefficient of plant preservation]. Silske hospodarstvo ta lisivnytstvo. Vinnytsia, № 13. S. 105–118.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Relationship between right holders and users shall be governed by the terms of the license Creative Commons Attribution – non-commercial – Distribution On Same Conditions 4.0 international (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0):https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.uk
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).