THE SPECIFICS OF THE PROCESSES OF CONTAMINATION OF CROPS OF CHICKPEA

Abstract

Chickpea is the most drought-resistant crops among the legumes. Due to strong root system and rational use of moisture chickpea is most suited for growing under conditions of insufficient moisture. It is the only legume that gives stable, high yields in hot and dry conditions. However, it responds well to irrigation.

The world area under chickpea is around 10 million ha. It is grown in 30 countries around the world. The main production of chickpea (about 95 %) is concentrated in the following countries: India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Syria, Ethiopia, Morocco, Tanzania, USA, Canada, Mexico. 90 % of the area falls on tropical and subtropical Asia India, China, Pakistan.

Chickpea is a high – tech culture it is not decumbent, is resistant to cracking and shattering beans. Going straight-cutting, and after an early cereal crops, allowing more efficient use of agricultural machinery. The high osmotic pressure, well-developed root system, contribute to providing water and nutrients not only to plants, but additional accumulation in the topsoil. The root system of chickpea improves physical properties of soil, pulls up nutrients from deeper soil layers to the surface, enriches the soil with biological nitrogen. This is a significant advantage of chickpea as a good precursor for most agricultural crops.

Our studies showed that the annual infestation was represented by a small number of species. In agrocenose of chickpea in conditions of Belotserkovsky of DSS over the years, studies have identied 11-15 weed species belonging to 6 Botanical families.

The greatest number of weed species presented in families – Polygonaceae, GraminеаеSolanaceae, Amaranthaceae, (Rubiaceae), Chenopodiaceae.

Among the identified weed species, in notovich agroprocessed constantly met only 9: Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Polygonum convolvulus L., Polygonum persicaria L., Solanum nigrum L., Galium aparine L., Thlaspi arvense L., Setaria glauca L., Echnochloa crus-gali L.

On the dynamics of the processes of contamination of crops of chickpea shows significant impact and the fact that plants in the early growing season are not able to quickly master the available ecological niches of the aisles. Traditionally, this period lasts from 30 to 60 days from sprouting plants. In such crops in the area of Forest leading role in the structure of the debris are late spring weed species.

In terms of Belotserkovsky of DSS in the structure of weed infestation of crops of chickpea, depending on years of research was dominated by monocotyledonous species of weeds from 66,2 to 77.8%, which was presented mism PPE and plochou normal. The number michu PPE amounted to an average of 48.8 % of the total. Among dicotyledons prevailed: amaranth ordinary and 6.4 %, cleavers and 5.0 %, persicaria maculosa – 4,0 %, yarutka field is 3.2 %, the nightshade of black and 2.8 %, bitterling berezopolie is 2.5 %. The number of white quinoa in the structure of weed infestation of crops of chickpea was low, and depending on the years of research ranged from 1.5 to 2.2 %. At the same time, according to foreign researchers, the greatest harm to the crops of chickpea weeds pigweed white and types hrcak. Only the presence of these two species in chickpea crops leads to a reduction of about 50 % of the crop plants.

Weeds traditionally have high seed production and form large seed banks in the topsoil, which reach 1.5–2.0 million PCs./ha. So pigweed white generates in average 600 thousand nuts, ambrosia 150 thousand PCs achenes, cock millet 4 thousand units of grains /plant.

Almost all arable lands have different size seed Bank of weeds. Scientists-farmers believe that weed-free soils are arable land have less than 1 thousand. vegetative parts of perennial species and less than 10 million seeds annual species in the topsoil. But such lands in our country, very small area. The survey, carried out in the last decade, the laboratory of Herbology Bccb NAAN showed that in the soils of most areas of the country has very large reserves of weed seeds on arable land. In the arable layer 0-30 cm of soil in the area of Forest was 1.71 billion pieces /ha