THE FEATURES OF THE EPIDEMIC AND EPISOOTIC SITUATION OF THE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Abstract

According to the actual current strategy of interdisciplinary collaboration concept «One Health», attention is focused on health research pathogens dangerous to humans and animals. One Health is an emerging concept that stresses the linkages between human, animal, and environmental health, as well as the need for interdisciplinary communication and collaboration to address health issues including emerging zoonotic diseases, climate change impacts, and the human-animal bond. It promotes complex problem solving using a systems framework that considers interactions between humans, animals, and their shared environment. While many medical educators may not yet be familiar with the concept, the One Health approach has been endorsed by a number of major medical and public health organizations and is beginning to be implemented in a number of medical schools. In the research setting, One Health opens up new avenues to understand, detect, and prevent emerging infectious diseases, and also to conduct translational studies across species. In the clinical setting, One Health provides practical ways to incorporate environmental and animal contact considerations into patient care. This paper reviews clinical and research aspects of the One Health approach through an illustrative case updating the biopsychosocial model and proposes a basic set of One Health competencies for training and education of human health care providers.

 The bacterium P. aeruginosa is opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans that provided immunosuppressed condition causes the infectious disease - pseudomonosis and contributes to the development of other diseases in humans or animals. As a result of mutations or receiving exogenous genetic material into P. aeruginosa may develop resistance to any antibiotic, so a treatment strategy is more complicated every year. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative organism that is commonly found in soil and water. Although P. aeruginosa can survive under multiple harsh conditions, it is an opportunistic pathogen and is only able to infect hosts with defective immune system function, such as that observed in individuals with cystic fibrosis, burns, and HIV. To facilitate the establishment of infection, P. aeruginosa produces an impressive array of both cell-associated and extracellular virulence factors. Several of these virulence factors have been demonstrated to be regulated by quorum sensing (QS). QS is the mechanism whereby an individual bacterium produces small diffusible molecules that can be detected by surrounding organisms. In P. aeruginosa, and most Gram-negative bacteria, these signal molecules are acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). Only when the concentration of AHLs in the environment increases, potentially because of increasing numbers of bacteria, are intracellular levels of AHLs sufficient to maximally induce the activation of transcriptional regulators. This mechanism of communication enables bacteria to act as a community in the coordinated regulation of gene expression. This regulated expression of virulence genes is thought to give the bacteria a selective advantage over host defenses and thus is important for the pathogenesis of the organism.

P. aeruginosa is one of the most important bacteria with documented resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes including β-lactams, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and polymyxins. Due to its intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance, only limited classes of antibiotics are effective for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. Among these antibiotics, carbapenems have been regarded as the most potent β-lactams against MDR Gram-negative bacilli including P. aeruginosa due to their high affinity with penicillin-binding proteins, stability against extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and permeability of bacterial outer membranes. Resistance to carbapenems is particularly challenging in clinical settings because they are the mainstays for treatment of multidrug resistance P. aeruginosa. There are few remaining antibiotic options for this strain, and multidrug resistance is much more common for patients infected with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa.

Ecosystem those people interaction Between Animals and economy is dinamic especially through the uncontrolled use of antibiotics, and consequently, the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Thus, is really important to study the epizootic and epidemic features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as the causative agent is an opportunistic pathogenic to humans, almost all species.

The study of biological material from farm animals, we see that the greatest number of cases registered in Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Lugansk regions. Areas on the map are marked blue, indicating not only a low percentage of the P. aeruginosa, first of all points out the imperfections in the system of monitoring and pathogen indicators in Ukraine.

The appearance of spreading P. aeruginosa promotes various violations of veterinary and sanitarian regulations for keeping and feeding animals (invasive disease, overheating, disordered transportation, bad conditions and  problems with animal feeding, bad quality of feeds, unsystematic use of antibiotics What lead to the distortion of the consequences of diagnosing disease, problems of treatments and problems with its liquidation.

The largest number of detection of the pathogen Pseudomonas infections recorded in pathological materials obtained from animals and bird embryos milk samples studied mastitis. The presence of P. aeruginosa in milk proves an analysis of published data, which refers to the fact that P. aeruginosa major mastitis pathogens of cattle and MMA syndrome (mastitis-metritis-agalactia) pigs.

According to statistics from 2005 - 2015's., The largest pig infection P. aeruginosa is observed in Ukraine in autumn-winter period mainly from October to February (sometimes from November to March inclusive), which is probably due to the complexity of climatic conditions and the weakening of the natural immunity of animals in these times of the year. In October and November reduced outdoor air temperature, humidity increases, the impact of the environment on the inhibition properties of P. aeruginosa is minimal, and it enhances pathogen concentration, increased bacteria in animals and especially among the young.

In the spring and summer with the emergence of green fodder rich in vitamins, minerals, and volatile, animal nutrition feed new harvest to a lesser extent, contaminated P. aeruginosa, by fungi and other microorganisms, and intensive insolation enhance the overall resistance of animals that provides enough resistance to infection and opportunistic pathogens.

A characteristic feature of epizootic and epidemic processes P. aeruginosa, a pathogenic microorganism is host-patogen interaction, ie interaction with the host pathogen. The peculiarity of this bacteria consists of opportunism and long persistence in the host and in the environment.

The pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infectious is complex, and the outcome of an infection depends on the virulence factors displayed by the bacteria as well as the host response. The large genome of P. aeruginosa provides a tremendous amount of flexibility and the metabolic capabilities to thrive in environments that are inhospitable to most other organisms. A potent array of innate antimicrobial defense molecules expressed within the airway itself, prevents colonization of the respiratory mucosa by most other bacteria. Once an organism does elude host mucociliary clearance, it must also adapt to the milieu, compete for iron, and avoid professional phagocytic cells and complement. Depending on the milieu imposed, P. aeruginosa mutants are selected that thrive in diverse circumstances. Surface appendages, such as flagella and pili, which are critical for the initial colonization phase of infection, function as ligands for phagocytic cells or stimulate the recruitment of neutrophils. Thus, mutants that fail to express pili or flagella and are less immunogenic are selected and persist.

Nosological profile of bacterial diseases of farm animals is characterized by the Registered diseases caused by pathogens P. aeruginosa, E. coli, P. vulgaris, Enterobacter ssp., S. aureus, Salmonella ssp. In most cases, microbial associations are 3-4 or more types of bacteria.

In this article, the epidemic and epizootic situation with P. aeruginosa in Ukraine and abroad were analyzed, using data statistical reports former state and Phytosanitary Service of Ukraine, statistical data and regional laboratory reports of international organizations on health. The data on the study of epidemic and epizootic situation will form the basis of effective control of bacterial infections, including P. aeruginosa, because the welfare of people and animals to infectious diseases can be achieved only if comprehensive solution epizootic and epidemiological aspects of this problem.