ADAPTIVE TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATION OF BUCKWHEAT WITH THE CONTENT IN GRAIN CR+3 WITH APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS, MANUFACTURED ON THE LATEST TECHNOLOGIES

Abstract

Modern science faced the task of developing and implementing agricultural production technologies for growing field crops with high content of macro- and microelements, which will enable the development of related industries of the national economy. The problem of balanced plant nutrition, feeding of animals and poultry, as well as providing population with quality food products is particularly relevant.  In the organism of animals and humans are trace elements that are contained in small quantities (μg, ng) and are characterized by a wide range of biological effects in addition to macro-elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, etc.) in plants. Among them, trivalent chrome, which often does not receive the proper professional evaluation, occupies the forefront.

Trivalent chrome is a part of proteins, hormones, and vitamins which are a factor in enzymes, actively participates in the course of oxidative-reducing reactions.  The expected result in the biological chain "soil-plant-animal-man" under conditions of growing of products on soils with a balanced content of micro and macro elements can be achieved.

Organic fertilizers plays important role in increasing the bioavailability of micronutrient nutrition as trivalent chromium between the trace elements in the life of animals.  The lack in the body of trivalent chromium has result of decrease in cell sensitivity to insulin and effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Symptoms of chromium deficiency in the animal diet include diminished glucose tolerance, inhibition of the process of insulin retention by cells as a result of decreasing the number of hormone receptors, increased insulin concentration in the blood, accompanied by glucosuria, hyperglycemia, increased cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels, violations of the humoral immune response, and growth processes of the organism.

Adding chromium to a ration of animals increases immunoreactivity and increases the growth of live weight, as well as stimulates the growth and livelihoods of the rumen microorganisms.  Experiments with animals indicate that the lack of chromium leads to detention, causes neuropathy and violations of higher nervous activity, reduces the ability of sperm to fertilize.  Similarly, 3-valent chrome is required for a balanced human diet.  Therefore, organic fertilizers that contain the required amount of this trace need to be introduced in the cultivation technologies of agricultural crops.

However, the production of organic fertilizers with the necessary content of trivalent chromium in Ukraine is not established. For solving of this problem we have developed technologies for the production of organic fertilizers from the waste of leather production and sludge treatment plants by biological fermentation with a balanced content of trace elements Cr ^{+ 3}.

For this purposes we established patent № 33661 "Method of obtaining organic fertilizer of universal action from the waste of leather production" which implemented of experimental and industrial research on the production of organic fertilizers "Bioproferm" with a balanced content of chromium. For production of organic fertilizer "Bioproferm" has selected the necessary components for the production of a compost mixture: mezra, a precipitate containing Cr⁺³, sawdust. Organic fertilizer was produced by the aerobic fermentation technology.

Application of organic fertilizers "Bioproferm" which consist of macro-and trace elements in chelate form under some crops is necessary. We obtained organic fertilizers with the same organoleptic characteristics, but with different chemical parameters.

Investigations on the cultivation of buckwheat grains using organic fertilizers, manufactured according to the latest technologies with a balanced content of tri-chromium, in the conditions of the Western Forest-steppe were not fulfilled. 

Therefore, organic fertilizers containing trivalent chromium should be used to provide a scientifically based balance of essential elements of life in buckwheat growing technologies.

The purpose of the study is to develop an adaptive technology for growing buckwheat grains, based on the use of organic fertilizers produced by biological fermentation and liquid organic fertilizer “Biochrome” by the method of cavitations’, to obtain buckwheat grain with the necessary content of trivalent chromium.

The research was carried out during 2013-2016 at the research field of the Podilskyi State Agrarian and Technical University.  The soil of the experimental site is the typical heavy-grained black earth, characterized by the following agrochemical parameters: pH 6.5, calcium content – 21.0 mg/kg per 100 g soil, low nitrogen supply – 116 mg/kg soil, average phosphorus – 91Mg/kg of soil, the content of exchangeable potassium is high – 168 mg/kg of soil.  The influence of organic fertilizers "Bioproferm" (content of trivalent chromium 540 mg/kg) and plant growth regulator “Biochrome” (content of tri-chromium 5.4 mg /l), developed on the basis of our developed and patented technology, on the agrochemical parameters of the soil, grain yield var. buckwheat “Elena” and content of trivalent chromium in the grain.

Organic fertilizers “Bioproferm” and “Bioactive” and mineral fertilizers in the dose N₁₂₀P₈₀K₈₀ (in the form of ANP fertilizer – 0.5 t/ha), urea – 82 kg/ha were introduced for basic soil cultivation, “Biochrome” – during the vegetation.

Buckwheat was sown at a rate of 3.5 million seeds per hectare. 

The technology of the cultivation of buckwheat was commonly used for the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe.  The studies were conducted in accordance with the existing methods.

Research results. Organic fertilizers "Bioactive" and "Bioproferm" improved the agrophysical and agrochemical properties of the soil and had a positive effect during various stages of ontogenesis on the growth and development of plants of buckwheat var. “Elena”. Positive changes in the dynamics of nitrogen in the soil have revealed a tendency to increase the content of both total nitrogen and its nitrate form. 

The increase in the content of total nitrogen was due to the introduction of all types of fertilizers.  Thus, in the version where 10 t/ha “Bioproferm” were introduced with the trace element Cr ^{+ 3}, the total nitrogen content was more than the control at 36.5 mg/kg, respectively nitrate nitrogen – 16.81 mg/kg.  There was also an increase in the amount of mobile phosphorus by 28.97 mg/kg and exchangeable potassium at 8.38 mg/kg compared to control.

In all variants, where organic fertilizers were made according to the latest technologies, the yield of buckwheat increased by an average of 0.32-0.75 t/ha as compared to the control.  In particular, in the case where organic fertilizers were "Bioproferm" applied at a rate of 10 t/ha and were cultivated with a growth regulator “Biochrome” (5 l/ha), the yield of buckwheat grain was 2.16 t/ha, that more than on the control 0.75 t/ha and more on 0.34 t/ha than in the variant where bioactive was injected at a dose of 10 t / ha and sprayed with a growth regulator “Biochrome” – 5 l/ha.

In the same variant, the highest yield of buckwheat – 2.5 t/ha was the most favorable for culture under climatic conditions in 2016, and the smallest – 1.97 t/ha of the least favorable 2015.  The introduction of organic fertilizer “Bioproferm” with a balanced content of trivalent chromium also had a small effect on its content in buckwheat grains.  So, in the variant where 10 t/ha of organic fertilizer "Bioproferm" was introduced in the autumn, under the plow plowing and during the growing season, plants were sprayed with liquid organic fertilizer "Biochrome" at a dose of
5 l/ha; in the grain of buckwheat, on average, over the years the research had the highest content trivalent chromium is 0.918 mg/kg, which is 0.405 mg/kg more compared to the control.

Conclusions and perspectives. In the adaptive technology of cultivating buckwheat var. “Elena” application of organic fertilizer "Bioproferm" and liquid organic fertilizer “Biochrome” positively affects the growth and development of plants throughout their period of their vegetation, provides an increase in yield of culture on average by 36.9-53.2%, and obtaining ecologically pure products with balanced content of trivalent chromium.