HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHEAT SELECTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/dopovidi2017.05.016Keywords:
breeding history, seed production, wheat selection, breeding establishmentsAbstract
The article is devoted to the history of development and the formation of selection, which historians and specialists of this field began to pay attention to in the last two centuries: L. Sempolovsky (1897), D. Rudzinsky (1904), M. Goncharov (2005) and many others. This was due to the fact that varieties more often become a means of production, greatly increase the productivity of agriculture.
The term "selection", its origin has not been studied, which leads to its various interpretations: sorting and even seed production. However, K. Timiryazev (1938) gave a more faithful notion of the term "selection" K. Timiryazev (1938), the selection (from the Latin word selection), means the choice by the practical way of improved, the emergence of new forms of cultivated plants, or domestication animals for a certain area.
All indigenous wheat varieties are the result of breeding. However, as a new species and varietal diversity were created, the data were not preserved, and the results of selection researchers make conclusions on the number and quality of the varieties found of species.
In 1931, 10 large agricultural centers were organized, which included 165 selection stations, and the construction of phytotrons, greenhouses and other selection structures began, which greatly increased the efficiency of the selection process.
In the 90s of the last century, 51 scientific institutions were engaged in the selection of wheat in Ukraine, where 282 varieties of winter wheat with a yield of 5-7t/ha were created and transmitted to the State Variety Testing. Today, in Ukraine, winter wheat selection is conducted by 101 scientific institutions. However, the greatest achievements in the development of winter wheat varieties have been achieved: the Selection and Genetics Institute – the National Center for Seed Research and Graduate Studies – 59 (17.8%) varieties, the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences – 65 (19,1 %) and Mironovsky Wheat Institute after V.M. Remesla – 23 (6,7 %). The varieties of these institutions are capable of yielding 10,9–14,0 t/ha.
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