DOTHIDEOMYCETES OF GREEN PLANTATIONS OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS OF THE STEPPE ZONE OF UKRAINE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/dopovidi2018.01.004Keywords:
Dothideomycetes, видовий склад, таксономічна структура, екологічні особливості, зелені насадження, степова зонаAbstract
The determination of the species diversity of phytotrophic mycobiota consortiously linked to the main wood species and herbaceous vegetation of green plantations is important for the diagnosis of the sanitary state of plants and serves as the basis for the phytopathological prognosis.
A purposed study of micromycetes of green plantations of Ukrainian cities began in 1954 (Koval', et al., 1958; Lavіts'ka, 1958) by the employees of the Institute of Botany named after M. Kholodny National Academy of Sciences ofUkraine, and later his results were included in the fundamental editions of the "Identifier of fungi ofUkraine" (1969, 1971), "Flora of fungi ofUkraine" (1980-1996), and also reflected in the database "Fungi of Ukraine" (2006). Variety of phytotrophic mycobiota on the trees of the Crimea and its formation were studied by S.O. Gutsevich, L.I. Vasilyeva, V.P. Isikov (Dudka, 2004). As shown by the analysis of these sources, representatives of the Dothideomycetes are the least studied group of fungi in urban biotopes.
The purpose of the article is to establish a species diversity of Dothideomycetes in the green plantations of the steppe zone of Ukraine, to determine the characteristic features of the taxonomic and ecological structure of the species composition.
The materials of the work were the original mycological collecting carried out within the mycological survey of this territory during 2008-2016, as well as the materials of the herbarium of the Institute of Botany named after M. Kholodny NationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine(KW). Herbarium collection and identification of the samples were performed in accordance with the generally accepted methods of cameral processing of xylotrophic, herbotrophic and coprothrophic micromycetes. To establish the taxonomic affiliation of species, the method of light microscopy was applied. For the identification of species, the determinants and monographs of domestic and foreign authors were used (Merezhko, 1980; Sivanesan, 1984; Ellis, Ellis, 1987); species names are consistent with corresponding reference books and databases (Mosyakin, Fedorchuk, 1999; Index Fungorum, 2017).
As a result of our research, a species diversity of ascolocular fungi (Dothideomycetes) has been established, which includes 86 species from 28 genera 17 families 5 orders 2 subclasses and groups of taxa of Incertae sedis.
The largest number of species is represented by the order of Pleosporales (51 species, 59%), fewer species are of the order of Capnodiales (18, 21%), the orders of Botryosphaeriales, Dothideales, and Hysteriales are represented respectively by 9, 5 and 2 species. Among the families dominated by the representatives of Cucurbitariaceae and Mycosphaerellaceae (17 species), a fairly noticeable proportion of species from the families Botryosphaeriaceae (9), Leptosphaeriaceae (7) and Pleosporaceae (6), the remaining 12 families include 1-4 species. In the generic spectrum, the dominant genera Cucurbitaria and Mycosphaerella (17 species), the genus Leptosphaeria has 7 species, the genera Didymosphaeria, Otthia, Pleospora – 4 species, Botryosphaeria, Venturia, Massarina – 3, the remaining 19 genera are represented by 1-2 species.
The revealed species of fungi are associated with 78 species of substrate plants with 32 families and various plant remains in green plantations. An analysis of the quantitative distribution of fungi species for the families of vascular plants showed that their largest number is consortiously linked to woody plants from the families Rosaceae (16 species of fungi), Oleaceae (14), Aceraceae (10), Caprifoliaceae (9). The greatest number of fungal consorts is associated whis Fraxinus excelsior L. and Berberis vulgaris L. in green plantings. A significant number of Dothideomycetes is associated with representatives of the genus Acer (10 species).
The analysis of the ecological and trophic differentiation of the species composition of the Dotherideomycetes of green plantations showed the following distribution by trophic groups: saprotrophs – 50 species (58%), hemibiotrophs – 34 (40%), biotrophs – 2 (2%). A significant percentage of hemibiotrophs was found, which is generally characteristic of anthropogenic biotopes in comparison with natural ones. In relation to substrates, most of the identified species are xylotrophic – 51 species (59%), a significant part is phyllotrophic species – 25 species (29%), herbotrophs number 10 species (12%).
Common species of locally-grown mussels in the habitat of green plantations are Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker, Cucurbitaria obducens (Schumach.) Petr., Didymosphaeria epidermidis (Fr.) Fuckel, Dothidea sambuci (Pers.) Fr., Lewia scrophulariae (Desm.) M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons, Otthia spiraeae (Fuckel) Fuckel, Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Raben., Splanchnonema pupula (Fr.) Kuntze. It should be emphasized that most of the identified species was usually marked at the anamorphic stage, much less frequently – at the teleomorphic stage. Phytopathogenic species Herpotrichia pinetorum (Fuckel) G. Winter and Hysterographium fraxini (Pers.) De Not. require special control over their distribution.
Thus, in the green plantations of urban settlements of the steppe zone of Ukraine, a rather diverse species composition of the Dothideomycetes is formed. In its taxonomic structure, the leading members of the families Cucurbitariaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae and Botryosphaeriaceae from the genera Cucurbitaria, Mycosphaerella, Otthia and Botryosphaeria (50% of the total species) play a leading role. The prevalence in the taxonomic spectrum of species Pleosporales reflects the zonal features of the studied mycobiota. In the ecological structure of mycobiota in anthropogenically transformed ecosystems it was marked the dominance of saprotrophic and xylotrophic species. The ascolocular fungi species are form consortium connections with 78 species of vascular plants from 32 families. The unsatisfactory phytosanitary state of plantings favor the spread of micromycete species with pathogenic properties.
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