Productivity of crop rotation with long-term use of fertilizers

Abstract

Urgency. The main directions of optimization of agricultural machinery of cultivation of crops is the selection of crop rotation and fertilizer systems. For creating optimization models agroresource potential of any soil and climatic zones, leading scientists of Ukraine is recommended to use the information base of long-term stationary experiments [1, p. 341; 2, p. 1].

Analysis of recent research and publications. The main task of scientists and agricultural producers is to increase the productivity of each hectare of arable land while maintaining soil fertility.

The analysis of the data shows that the highest productivity of field crop rotation after a long application of fertilizers on the black soil of the podzolic is provided by the organo-mineral fertilizer system with the introduction of 13.5 t of manure and N68P101K54 on 1 ha of manure and manure : 57% more than on the control without fertilizer [3, p.21]. In the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy soils the productivity of two crop rotations at the level of 71.1 C.u. and 88.6 C. u. at the annual long-term application of P20K42 and N84P40K82 [4, p. 30]. Crop productivity of grain-beet crop rotation was increased by 2.4-4.9 t/ha with long-term use in the deep black soil humus, mineral fertilizer system at a rate of from N25P15K20 to N50P25K35 per hectare swasno area and the maximum rate is equal to the organo-mineral system of fertilizers (10 tons of manure + N37,5P20K27,5) [5, p. 113-114].

There are no generalized data on productivity of crops of field crop rotations at long application of systems of fertilizer on chernozems southern.

The aim of the study was to establish the influence of continuous application of different fertilization systems on the productivity of field crop rotation on chernozems of the South.

Materials, methods and conditions of the study. The study was performed in long-term field experiment of Department of Agrochemistry and soil fertility Odessa DSDS NAAN on the southern black soil humus wakeupinterval on the forest breed, founded in 1971. The influence of systematic application of organic and mineral fertilizers for 46 years ( six rotations of field crop rotation) and during the last two rotations, in parallel with the direct action of fertilizers, the effect of their aftereffect were studied.

In the first four rotations, the crop rotation was a grain crop rotation with the following alternation of crops: black steam, winter wheat, corn grain, peas, winter wheat, maize, winter wheat, sunflower; during the fifth and sixth rotations – a grain pair: black, winter wheat, winter rape, winter wheat, green manure, winter wheat, winter wheat, winter wheat, winter wheat, winter wheat.

The experiment examines the fertilizer system, which for four rotations included the zero version, organic, mineral and organo-mineral with different ratios of nutrients and their introduction "in stock". Manure and mineral fertilizers "in stock" were made twice for rotation: for black steam and corn of the Ministry of internal Affairs. Mineral fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate, granulated superphosphate and potassium salt were introduced under the main treatment. With the 5th turnover in the rotation introduced siderale pairs, under which the fertilizer was not made. Green manure crop - Vic winter grade between Primorka.

Research result. According to the results of field studies, it was established:

- the maximum productivity of grain paroprosapno § crop rotation provided long-term use on the southern black soil organic-mineral fertilizer systems ( 15 tons of manure + N48, 8P41,2K34, 8) - the growth was 36.1 % against the option without fertilizer;

- on average, four rotations of crop rotation (34 years), the return on 1 ton of manure increased productivity from 53.2 to 60.1 kg of grain units; 1 kg of nitrogen – 13.1; P2O5 – 7.3 and K2O – 7.5 kg of.ed.;

- the maximum increase in the productivity of steam of grain crop rotation was noted with the systematic introduction of n128,7 (+76.4%) and the use of this dose on the background of single (+83.7%) and double (+92.7%) norms of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers per hectare;

- return of mineral nitrogen when it is applied in its pure form under culture presernova rotation was 12.5-12.0 kg. u; payback of nitrogen on the background of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers below pure nitrogen by 20.2 %; payback of phosphorus and potassium increases with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilizers;

- the cessation of fertilizer application for ten years led to a decrease in crop rotation productivity by an average of 13.5%, the intensity of the decrease depended on the type of fertilizer system.

The analysis of the results of long-term stationary experience allowed to obtain data on the impact of fertilizer use on the productivity of field crop rotation and payback of the main nutrients and fertilizer systems productivity gains during six rotations. In the future, it is necessary to determine the changes in the indicators of fertility of the southern Chernozem with long-term use of fertilizers, the optimal size of the intensity of the balance of the main nutrients and to optimize agricultural resources for soil and climatic conditions of the southern Steppe.

In our view, all these issues cannot be resolved by conducting temporary short-term field experiments. Long-term stationary experiments are of strategic importance, and their information bases should be combined into a single all-Ukrainian system with soil and climatic zones.

Key words: crop rotation, fertilizer systems, productivity, growth, payback