Optimization of mineral feed of wheat winter-annual is in crop rotations of South Steppe of Ukraine

Abstract

It is set that one of priority directions growing of high-performance agricultural cultures in particular grain-growing became in the agrarian production of Ukraine. However as a result of violation of crop rotations and unbalanced bringing of mineral fertilizers sharply the levels of potential impurit of top-soil grew by weeds and defeat wreckers and illnesses, that resulted in the considerable decline of the productivity and worsening of quality of agricultural produce. A problem in technologies of growing of agricultural cultures determination of the optimal system of mineral feed became for the effective growing of wheat of winter-annual in different ground-climatic terms Ukraine.

Certainly, that the productivity of wheat winter-annual and quality of grain largely depend on providing of plants the elements of mineral feed during all vegetation. Intensive sorts are characterized by higher requirements to the terms of feed and only at the complete and balanced providing nutritives can fully realize the genetic potential. For forming of 1 t/ha the harvest of grain of wheat winter-annual needs: 25–35 kg of nitrogen; 11–13 kg of phosphorus; 20–27 kg of potassium, 5 kg of calcium, 4 kg of magnesium, 3,5 kg of sulphur, 5 gr of the coniferous forest, 8,5 gr of copper, 270 gr of iron, 82 gr of manganese, 60 gr of zinc, 0,7 gr of molybdenum. The unbalanced correlation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium results in diminishing to the productivity of plants, defeat, decline of quality of grain, illnesses and others like that. Therefore optimization of mineral feed for the increase of the productivity and improvement of quality of grain of wheat winter-annual in the crop rotations of droughty South Steppe of Ukraine is an important measure. The results got in the protracted field stationary experiments provide the most objective information for the decision of the marked problem.

Researches executed in the protracted field stationary experience of department of agricultural chemistry and fertility of soils of the Odessa state agricultural experimental station of NААS on the southern black soil humus wakeupinterval on the forest breed, founded in 1971. Determined the action of the systematic bringing of organic and mineral fertilizers during 46 (six rotary presses of the field crop rotation) and influence of their after an action during the last two rotary presses simultaneously with the direct action of fertilizers. A reiteration in experience is triple with the systematic placing of reiterations and variants; reiteration in time – fourfold with the successive including on one field in a crop rotation.

In the first four rotary presses a wheat winter-annual was grown in the crop rotation with the next duty of cultures : pairs black, wheat winter-annual, corn grain, peas, wheat winter-annual, corn of milk waxen ripeness, wheat winter-annual, sunflower. During fifth and sixth rotary presses a wheat winter-annual was grown in the crop rotation: pairs black, wheat winter-annual, rape winter-annual, wheat winter-annual, pairs of sideration, wheat winter-annual, wheat winter-annual, sunflower. Determined efficiency of the systems of fertilizer, that during four rotary presses included variants: without fertilizers and with application of the organic, mineral and organically mineral systems of fertilizer. A pus and mineral fertilizers brought in twice for a rotary press: under black pairs and corn of milk waxen ripeness. Mineral fertilizers as ammoniac saltpetre, superphosphate granular and potassium salt brought in under basic till of soil. From the fifth rotary press of crop rotation as a predecessor of winter wheat used pairs of sideration without top-dressing.

The analysis of the researches given for period in the protracted field stationary experience confirmed high efficiency of the use of the systems of fertilizer in sowing of wheat winter-annual: to grow on to the harvest against the unfertilized variant hesitated in wide limits and depended on the weather terms of vegetation period, predecessors and norms of top-dressing. To grow on to the harvest at growing of wheat winter-annual after black pair, regardless of duration of the use of fertilizers, type of fertilizers and correlation of elements of feed into each of rotary presses of crop rotation, during the first four rotary presses were at the level of 12,7%, following two – 32,9%.

The swift slump of productive description of black earth south in relation to a wheat winter-annual is explained by different correlation of years with optimal and unsatisfactory weather terms during every rotary press. If harvest of grain of wheat winter-annual after black to accept a pair after 100%, then at growing of her after peas comparative efficiency of the organic system presented 79,3%. After the mineral and organically mineral system the productivity practically did not differ and presented 87,9–88,9%.

The analysis of results of the protracted field stationary experience provided the receipt of objective data of action of fertilizers on the productivity and quality of grain of wheat winter-annual and recoupment of basic elements of feed and systems of fertilizer of the productivity increases during six rotary presses of crop rotation. It is set that the protracted use on black earth south of the organic-mineral system of fertilizer provided the high productivity and the best quality of grain of wheat, content squirrel and gluten in that answered the requirements of the second class. The greatest productivity of wheat winter-annual was got then pair black and sideration, that presented according to 5,29-6,75 t/ha and 4,71-6,37 t/ha. It is marked, that stopping of top-dressing during ten years resulted in the decline of the productivity of wheat winter-annual on 13,5%, intensity of dynamics of that depended on the system of fertilizer.

Key words: a wheat is winter-annual, systems of fertilizer, predecessors, crop rotations, productivity, quality of grain