The features of the effect of biological rhythms on the growth, reproduction & pest management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/dopovidi2019.06.010Keywords:
Biological rhythms, reproduction, phytophagous, economic thresholds, pest managementAbstract
In the current conditions of the formation of agrobiocenosis, the number of insects of phytophagous rhythms of development and reproduction of insects - pass with the alternation of levels and time intervals of influence of environmental factors on the structures of entomological complexes. This appears in the features of the development and reproduction of beneficial and harmful insect species and their populations
At the same time, the short and long-term periods of biological rhythms of the development of insect-phytophagous are noted in the range from the time of day to several years.
Thus, with the new crop protection systems against the phytophagous complex, rhythm generation is inconstantly, and depends on the physiological and biochemical processes in the insect organism. The daily, monthly and seasonal rhythms, which in one way or another correspond to the changes of the environment, in particular - astronomical factors and technologies of cultivation of crops are established.
However, the influence of the main factors on the rhythms is manifested by the complete passage of programmed changes that are not related to the respective climate fluctuations. Just as environmental rhythms have a dual nature in one way or another.
Thus, the daily frequency of the environment and its effect on the activity of insects is manifested in the regular daily changes of all environmental factors during the day, in particular - light, which is one of the most important signal factors in the development and reproduction of insects. Changes during the day of air and soil temperature and humidity, which has been pronounced in recent years, as well as in areas with arid climate, affect the development and reproduction of both soil and indoor stem and other insect species in agrocenosis. At the same time, the maximums of active life of these species of insects are established during the day. Yes, extreme conditions are observed twice a day: after midnight and noon. Night is the darkest and coldest time, the day is hotter and drier. For insects, comparatively favorable fluctuations and changes of weather are found, when the maximum of activity is shown and the degree of damage of crops is increased by the complex of phytophagous.
In new forms of land use, this is established when assessing the intensity of reproduction and feeding of caterpillars of bitten scoops, as well as migration, mating, laying of eggs by females and the timing of emergence of the pupae imago, as well as during summer and autumn diapause of major harmful migratory insect species.
It has been established that the activity of insect phytophagous depends on several indicators, which are divided into three categories of indicators of activity levels. So the first category is the relative number of active individuals at the time of accounting.
The second category is the number of behavioral actions carried out by one individual or by a group of individual insects and populations observed over a period of time with irregular migration and mating, as well as the non-simultaneous exit of pupae imago and the duration of seasonal flight of phytophagous birds the number of specimens caught on light and pheromone traps.
The third category of indicators are the numerical values of the direct or indirect results of the intense behavior of the investigated insect species over a period of time. In particular, significant feed intake and the high number of eggs laid by females, as well as the physiological indices of the phytophagous insect species complex (Jaworski & Hilszczanski, 2013; Ahanger et al., 2013).
Biological rhythms of development, reproduction and course of processes in the body of harmful insect species during the day, allow to effectively control their numbers, for example during suppressed activity, the surface of the body of insects promotes the appearance of active substances of protection on the body.
It is advisable to note that during the day the insect sensitivity to the effect of insecticides also changes. So some species of weevils immediately after switching on, the light in the morning little sensitive to methyl-parathion and from a certain dose of this poison dies no more than 10% of beetles. However, after three hours the same dose leads to the death of 90% of the imago. Increased sensitivity of insecticides to insecticide occurs during the maximum activity of the larvae of the first age of the phytophagous. The mechanisms of influence of modern drugs on them are different, and the time of maximum sensitivity to them may not coincide with the time of application, and in some cases may be almost minimal. The use of the latest insecticides, including hormone analogs and viral and other biological products, should be confined to a specific time of day and age of the larvae. This varies depending on the season, species and geographic features of the insect populations. Knowledge of the time of the highest sensitivity to new applicants and other strategies of diversification and population formation allow to high effective management highly the number of insect pests, with optimal levels and frequency of carrying out special measures of crop protection.
References
Chernyshev V.B. (1996). Ekologiya nasekomykh [Ecology of insects]. Izd-vo MGU - Publishing House of Moscow State University, 304 p. [in Russian]
Lazzari C.R., Insausti C.T. (2008). Circadian rhythms in insects. Transworld Research Network, 37/661, 18.
Danilevsky A.S., Goryshin N.I., Tyshchenko V.P. (1970). Biological rhythms in terrestrial arthropods. Annual Reviews of Entomology, 15, 201-244.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001221
Borzikh O.I., Retman S.V., Fedorenko V.P., Sabluk V.T., Zapolskaya N.M., Shendryk R. Ya., Borovskaya I. Yu. Mamray V.V., Chelombitko A.F., Stefkivskyi V.M., Orlova O.M., Sidorchuk O.V., Chekan K.V. (2018). Metodychni rekomendatsiyi shchodo skladannya prohnozu rozvytku ta obliku shkidnykiv ta khvorob tekhnichnykh kulʹturiv. [Methodical recommendations for making a forecast of the development and accounting of pests and diseases of industrial crops]. Derzhavna sluzhba Ukrayiny z pytanʹ bezpechnosti kharchovykh produktiv ta zakhystu spozhyvachi - State Service of Ukraine for Food Safety and Consumer Protection. (p. 144) Kyiv [in Ukrainian]
Jaworski, T., & Hilszczanski, J. (2013). The effect of temperature and humidity changes on insect development and their impact on forest ecosystems in the context of expected climate change. Forest Research Papers, 74(4), 345-355.
https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2013-0033
Ahanger R. A., Bhat H. A., Bhat T. A., Ganie S. A., Lone A. A., Wani I. A., Bhat T. A. (2013). Impact of Climate Change on Plant Diseases. International Journal of Modern Plant and Animal Sciences, 1(3), 105-115.
Shin G. Goto (2013). Roles of circadian clock genes in insect photoperiodism. Review article. Entomological Science. 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12000
Numata H., Miyazaki Y. & Ikeno T. (2015). Common features in diverse insect clocks. Zoological Lett. 1: 10.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-014-0003-y
Saunders D.S. (2002). Insect Clocks. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [Google Scholar]
Steel C.G.H. & Vafopoulou X. (2002). Physiology of circadian systems. In: Saunders, Steel, Vafopoulou, & Lewis (Eds.) Insect Clocks, third ed. Elsevier Science, (pp. 115-118). Amsterdam
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450407-4/50006-9
Jamieson, M. A., Trowbridge, A. M., Raffa, K. F., & Lindroth, R. L. (2012). Consequences of climate warming and altered precipitation patterns for plant-insect multitrophic interactions. Plant Physiology, 160(4), 1719-1727.
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.206524
Parvatha, R. P. (2015). Climate resilient agriculture for ensuring food security, New Dehli: Springer.
William, A. P., Seager, R., Abatzoglu, J. T., Cook, B. I., Smerdon, J. E., & Cook, E. R. (2015). Contribution of anthropogenic warming to California drought during 2012-2014. Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 6819-6828.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064924
Saunders D.S. (2009). Circadian rhythms and the evolution of photoperiodic timing in insects. Physiological Entomology, 34, 301-308.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2009.00699.x
Alpato A.M., Rietveld W.J., Oryntaeva L.B., Putilova A.A. (1994). Properties of the Two-peak Free Running Circadian Rhythm of Locomotor Activity of the Sand Desert Beetle Trigonoscelis gigas Reitt. Srologicxl Rhythm Research, Vol. 25, 2. 53-67.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09291019409360283
Khaliq I., Hof C., Prinzinger R., Böhning-Gaese K., Pfenninger M. (2014). Global variation in thermal tolerances and vulnerability of endotherms to climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society for Biological Sciences, 281, 20141097.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1097
Zaman F., McBride L., Moran S. and Gilrein D. (2017). Insect Mating Disruption - An Alternative Pest Management Strategy for Long Island Tree Fruit Orchards. Fruit quarterly, 25 (1)
Tyshchenko V.P. (1977). Fiziologiya fotoperiodizma nasekomykh [Physiology of insect photoperiodism]. Tr VEO - Tr VEO, Vol.59. [in Russian]
Masokhin - Porshnyakov G.A. (1965). Zreniye nasekomykh [Insect vision]. Nauka - Nauka, (p. 259). Moscow [in Russian]
Singh P. Moore R.F. (1985). Handbook of insect rearing. Vol.2. 514
Zavodska R., von Wowern G., Lofstedt C., Rosen W. and Sauman I. (2009). The release of a pheromonotropic neuropeptide, PBAN, in the turnip moth Agrotis segetum, exhibits a circadian rhythm. Journal of Insect Physiology, 55, 435-440
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.10.016
Yakhontov V.V. (1964). Ekologiya nasekomikh [Ecology of insects]. «Vyshaya shkola» - "Higher school" (pp. 154-199). Moscow. [in Russian]
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Relationship between right holders and users shall be governed by the terms of the license Creative Commons Attribution – non-commercial – Distribution On Same Conditions 4.0 international (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0):https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.uk
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
