Productivity steaming and cloning of intact plants of winter rye

Abstract

The main problem of the selection process of winter rye is creation, reproduction and preservation of highly productive components of hybrids, especially self-incompatible forms. An effective way to increase productivity in the modern selection of grain crops, particularly in rye, is to change the plant's architectonics, which will help optimize the biological structure of the crop and ensure optimal use of solar radiation to form a high yield. An urgent issue is the increase in the productive density of plants, which primarily depends on the varietal characteristics and the source components of the genotype.

The formation of productive steams of rye plants determined by a number of factors, in particular, the specificity of the genotype, soil fertility, depth of sowing, seed rate, timing of sowing, weather conditions of cultivation, etc. In agricultural fields autumn steaming of plants may be 3-5 productive stems, and in low dense sowing - more than 10. Scientists have established the influence of the cytoplasm on the inheritance of the formation of the number of production trunks, that is, in maternal form it is advisable to choose samples with high density of plants.

In the course of research, creation of productive steams mainly in the Autumn period has been confirmed. For sowing in optimal dates, the period of laying generative buds lasts 30-40 days. During spring regrowth, in optimal conditions of the temperature regime (5-10 ° С) and soil moisture, up to 25% of productive stems formed. In the period of vegetative growth, including the phase of steaming, plants undergo jarovization, which ensures the formation of reproductive shoots. The jarovization processes in winter rye pass at temperatures 0-10 °С.

The depth of laying the knot of the grove in the rye is associated with the length of the mesocolite (underground interstitial), which connects the grains with the knot. It achieved as shorter mesocotyl, as deeper knot in the optimum sowing depth. Cold-resistant varieties have a short mesocotyl. The sign by an intermediate type of inheritance and is subject to selection in several generations by hybridization is characterized.

The ability of rye to prolong and consecutive steaming used by breeders for accelerated reproduction of valuable genotypes of culture.

The purpose of our work was to determine the conditions for increasing the intensity of planting and cloning when creating and reproducing the original genetically identical material in the selection of winter rye.

The research conducted during 2014-2018 at the experimental sites of the Uman national university of horticulture. Six selected samples of winter rye (8-4, 19-5, 88, 214, 243-1, 246-1), which were distinguished by a complex of agriculture useful characteristics were tested. Winter rye variety Khlibne was a standart.

 Plants multiplied with using of cloning intact plants. The stimulation of the laying of the buds of the knot was carried out for planting and ensuring optimal conditions of cultivation (irrigation, feeding).

Cloning of intact plants simplifies the process of reproduction of genetically identical material. It achieved by stimulating the laying of lateral buds the knot of steaming.

The shape of the plant defines in the steaming phase. It can be clutter, erect and intermediate.

For the accelerated propagation of valuable genotypes and the increase in the number of plants of each sample, made separation of the formed plant into separate shoots with roots (clones) and  carried out and their subsequent transfer into a moist soil mixture in peat-pungent boxes or soil boxes of greenhouses and in Spring, in field conditions of cultivation. During several times of shoveling of plants in steaming phase, the process of laying additional lateral buds in the knot is stimulated and the plant's reproduction coefficient due to cloning were increased

You can get about 500 plants per year from one plant. Cloning was used to multiplication of inbreeding lines and evaluation of genotype combining ability. Particularly important is the use of cloned reproduction for self-incompatible samples.

Materials with high coefficient of steaming during the research process selected. Sample 88 formed on average 13.1 steams per plant, and 12.3 were productive. It characterized by polliearing and the largest weight of grain from the ear and plants, respectively. Significantly, lower coefficient in lines 243-1 and 246-1 fixed.

During the cloning, number of viable clones depended of the genotype and fluctuated within 56.3-74.6% of the total number of planted cloned plants. Productive steaming obtained after cloning of plants significantly inferior to the original forms. However, weight of grain from the ear did not differ from the original sample.

So, it’s established that for accelerated reproduction of valuable genotypes of winter rye it is expedient to make cloning of steaming plants during the year for cultivation with optimum conditions of the greenhouse complex and field. The intensity of steaming and the cloning coefficient essentially depends on the genotype of the source material. The best samples, that can serve as donor genes of productive steaming selected.