Yield and grain quality of spring durum wheat under biologics Bionorma Nitrogen and Bionorma Phosphorus

Abstract

Wheat is one of the strategic crops in agriculture and belongs to the traditional crops grown by Ukrainian farmers. Spring wheat is especially sensitive to soil nutrients and lack of moisture, so it is important to take the nutrition of the crop particularly seriously.

One of the main components of improving the efficiency of grain producers is to improve their competitiveness, especially in quality. The highest quality grain can be obtained by growing wheat in the eastern and southern regions of Ukraine.

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of abiotic factors, such as the introduction of biological products Bionorma Nitrogen and Bionorma Phosphorus (manufacturer: GC BioNorma, Ukraine), on the yield and grain quality of different varieties of spring durum wheat.

The studies were conducted at the research field of the Institute of Agrobiology (Velykyi Mytnyk village, Khmelnytskyi district, Vinnytsia region). Soil and climatic zone of the field location - Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Two varieties of spring durum wheat were selected, namely Isolde and Heritage.

Bionorma Phosphorus is a preparation of soil spore bacteria and micromycetes characterized by high phosphate-mobilizing activity, designed to improve the phosphorus nutrition of crops. Bionorma Nitrogen is a preparation of free-living and associative nitrogen-fixing bacteria to improve the nitrogen supply of a wide range of crops. The composition of nitrogen-fixing bacteria is characterized by a complex effect on plants.

In order to obtain a high yield of durum spring wheat, it is imperative to ensure that it has sufficient nutrients throughout the growing season. Spring wheat has a poorly developed root system, which is why it requires a sufficient amount of nutrients in the soil in an easily digestible form.

The main increase in the yield of durum wheat is due to the better development of the main ear. The number of grains of the ear may vary from almost complete absence to very high grain saturation, depending on varieties and different conditions.

The presence of nitrogen and phosphorus increases the number of ears and flowers in the ear, and their absence, especially phosphorus, leads to a decrease in these indicators. Considerable attention should be paid to this, since in spring wheat the ear begins to form very early, in the tillering phase, the start of the tube exit, and is largely dependent on environmental conditions.

The highest yield of durum spring wheat was obtained with the application of the maximum dose of mineral fertilizers and with the combination of biological products Bionorma Nitrogen and Bionorma Phosphorus, it was more than 20%.

Nature determines the grain's fullness. High-precision grain allows for greater yield of semolina. High-grain wheat grains contain less ash than fine-grained wheat.

The vitreous during the ripening period of the grain was largely influenced by weather conditions. The maximum indicators of the nature and glassiness of the grain are noted in the variety Heritage with the combined use of the preparations Bionorma Nitrogen and Bionorma Phosphorus.

The most important indicator of grain quality is the baking properties of the flour made from it. Protein plays a leading role in determining the baking quality of flour. The gluten of durum spring wheat makes it possible to make pasta that is well preserved in cooking, non-slippery and has a pleasant amber or lemon yellow color.

The maximum protein content in terms of dry matter was found when using a combination of the two preparations Bionorma Nitrogen and Bionorma Phosphorus, and the highest content of crude gluten was when applying the maximum dose of mineral fertilizers and slightly lower when combining the proposed biological products.

Thus, analyzing the results of studies on the effect of biological products on grain quality of spring durum wheat, we can conclude that the best indicator of nature, vitreousness, protein content and gluten was recorded by using a combination of two drugs: Bionorma Nitrogen and Bionorma Phosphorus.

Also, according to the impact of fertilizer on the yield of durum wheat, namely the Isolde and Heritage varieties, it can be seen that after Bionorma Nitrogen was applied, the yield was 4.64 tons per hectare and 3.98 tons per hectare, respectively. This figure is better than after application of mineral fertilizers. But the highest yield was obtained after using two preparations simultaneously: Bionorma Nitrogen and Bionorma Phosphorus - 4.79 tons per hectare.

That is, with the cultivation of wheat using the aforementioned biological products, it is not inferior in yield to mineral fertilizer technologies.

It should be noted that as a result of the conducted researches new ecologically safe elements of technology of cultivation of varieties of firm spring wheat with high level of yield and excellent quality of grain, which can be realized in production conditions, are proposed.