ISSN 2223-0858 (Online) Subject: theoretical and applied sciences, technology and industry in the field of energy and automation Year established: 2009 Founders: National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Published 4 times a year Media identifier R40-02287. The National Council of Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine Decision No. 1796 of 21 December 2023, protocol No. 31. Speciality DAK: Technical Sciences Languages of the publication: Ukrainian, English Address: Heroiv Oborony st., 12, Kyiv-03041, Ukraine Phone: +38 044 527 85 22 Indexed in the following international scientometric databases: Google Scholar AGRIS MIAR BASE ResearchBib DRJI Ulrichsweb
Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України
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Electroelastic bulk and normal shear waves in a layered-periodic medium of the type metal-piezoelectric-dielectric
A method for constructing dispersion relations for bulk and normal electroelastic shear waves propagating in layered-periodic media formed by repeating a "generating" metallized package consisting of a piezoelectric layer and a dielectric layer that has no electrical properties is proposed. As a result of the analytical calculations, dispersion relations for normal and bulk electroelastic shear waves were obtained. CdS or ZnO were considered as piezoelectric materials, and the dielectric layer was chosen with the parameters GaYIG. The obtained dispersion relations were numerically analyzed for different geometries and physical properties of the materials forming the "generating" package. . Numerical analysis showed that a feature of the obtained bulk wave spectrum is that in the range of changes in the wave number and circular frequency, the zone boundaries do not intersect. The spectrum of normal waves is localized in the transmission zones of bulk waves except for one dispersion curve. The influence of physical, mechanical and geometric parameters of the layers on the structure of the blocking and transmission zones has been studied, as well as the influence of the piezoelectric effect has been investigated. Based on the approach proposed in the works of M.O. Shulga, the problems of bulk and normal electroelastic waves are reduced to the study of the properties of the transmission matrices of the "generating" package of layers, through the elements of which the desired dispersion relations are expressed. In the work, it was possible, using the condition of metallization on the outer surfaces of the package, to write the dispersion relations through the elements of second-order matrices instead of the fourth, which allows simplifying the analysis of the dispersion equations. Key words: bulk and normal shear waves, periodic layered structure, piezoelectric, dielectric, transmission zones, bulk wave blocking zones
Theoretical study of the motion of material particles in centrifugal devices with curved blades and variable angle of their rise
In centrifugal scattering devices, the blades provide the necessary trajectory and speed of the particle in relative motion. The operation of scattering devices with straight blades has been sufficiently studied. From a theoretical point of view, it seems interesting to study the motion of a particle along a curved blade, when the angle of elevation of the particle increases from zero to a given value at the moment of its descent from the blade. The purpose of the study is to perform a comparative analysis of the motion of a particle along straight and curved blades, which provide a given angle of elevation of the particle at the moment of its descent from the blade. When a disk with a curved blade rotates, the particle performs a complex motion: translational due to the rotation of the disk and relative along the blade. To compile the differential equations of motion, it is necessary to find the absolute acceleration vector, which includes three components: acceleration in translational motion, acceleration in relative motion, and Coriolis acceleration. This vector is conveniently searched for in the projections onto the orthogonal surfaces of the accompanying trihedron of the translational motion curve, which for the rotational motion of the disk will be a circle. Generalized differential equations of particle motion in centrifugal devices along a curved blade with a variable lift angle have been derived. A comparative analysis of the kinematic parameters of motion for straight and curved blades has been performed. A comparative analysis of particle motion along straight and curved blades of a centrifugal scattering device has shown that a particle along a curved blade in the form of an arc of a circle of the specified length accelerates faster than along a straight one. Thus, replacing straight blades with curved ones allows achieving the same effect while reducing the angular velocity of disk rotation from 25 rad/s to 23 rad/s, i.e., the reduction is 8%. With an unlimited length of the blade in the form of an arc of a circle, the particle performs an oscillatory motion along it up and down with damping until it comes to a complete stop in the presence of friction. Key words: curved and rectilinear blades, differential equations, lift angle
Current state and prospects of energy-saving development of vegetable storage engineering systems in Ukraine and the world
Збереження свіжості та якості овочів є важливим завданням для аграріїв у всьому світі, включаючи Україну. На тлі зростання цін на енергоносії, енергоефективність систем зберігання овочів стає особливо актуальною. Тому сучасні технології зосереджуються на розробці енергоощадних інженерних рішень для овочесховищ, спрямованих на зменшення енерговитрат та екологічного впливу. Особливу увагу приділяють оптимізації умов зберігання, автоматизованим системам керування мікрокліматом та використанню відновлюваних джерел енергії. У статті розглянуто сучасні тенденції та перспективи розвитку енергоефективних інженерних систем для овочесховищ в Україні та світі. Наголошено на важливості оптимізації мікроклімату для збереження продукції та мінімізації енергетичних витрат. Дослідження базується на аналізі наукових публікацій, нормативних документів та аналітичних даних щодо вентиляційних, холодильних систем та автоматизації мікроклімату овочесховищ. Проведено порівняльний аналіз традиційних та сучасних технологій зберігання, включаючи застосування чисельного моделювання гідроаеродинамічних процесів (CFD) для оцінки ефективності систем підтримки мікроклімату. Визначено, що інтеграція відновлюваних джерел енергії (сонячних панелей, теплових насосів, систем акумуляції холоду) суттєво знижує енергоспоживання овочесховищ. Використання CFD-моделювання дозволяє оптимізувати параметри повітрообміну, температури та вологості, що сприяє зменшенню втрат продукції та оптимізації енергоспоживання. Аналіз сучасних технологій свідчить про зростаючу роль інтелектуальних систем керування мікрокліматом, що дозволяють автоматично регулювати параметри повітряного середовища та забезпечувати оптимальні умови для збереження овочів. Впровадження енергоефективних технологій зменшує операційні витрати та мінімізує екологічний вплив. Досліджено концептуальні підходи до підвищення ефективності зберігання овочів, що базуються на поєднанні CFD-моделювання, автоматизованих систем керування мікрокліматом та інтеграції відновлюваних джерел енергії. Впровадження цих підходів сприятиме покращенню якості зберігання продукції, зниженню енергоспоживання та збільшенню економічної ефективності овочесховищ. Подальші дослідження у сфері CFD-моделювання є важливими для вдосконалення технологій розподілу повітряних потоків, вологості та температури, що дозволить підвищити ефективність інженерних систем для зберігання овочів. Ключові слова: мікроклімат овочесховищ, інженерні системи овочесховищ, енергоефективність, CFD-моделювання, відновлювальні джерела енергії, вентиляція
Electrotechnological complex of plants energy-efficient irradiation in greenhouses
The electrotechnological complex of energy-efficient irradiation of plants in greenhouses is an important aspect in modern agro-industrial production, as it provides optimal conditions for plant growth and development, reducing energy consumption. This complex uses modern lighting technologies that allow for the effective use of natural and artificial lighting, optimizing its intensity and spectrum to ensure maximum photosynthetic effect. One of the main principles of energy-efficient irradiation is the use of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, which makes it possible to regulate the light spectrum, adapting it to the specific needs of plants. These lamps have high energy efficiency and a long service life, which allows reducing electricity and maintenance costs. In addition, the use of automated control systems, such as light and temperature sensors, allows maintaining an optimal microclimate in greenhouses. Integration of such systems into agro-industrial complexes allows not only to increase yields, but also to reduce the impact on the environment due to the rational use of energy. The development and implementation of energy-efficient irradiation technologies in greenhouses is an important step towards the sustainable development of the agricultural sector, in particular in the context of climate change and increasing demand for environmentally friendly products. Key words: electro-technological complex, energy efficiency, plant irradiation, greenhouse, LED lighting, automation, agro-industrial production
Efficiency of carbon dioxide capture in a rotating packed bed with diifferent absorbents
One of the effective approaches to reducing CO₂ emissions is the use of liquid absorbents in various types of contact devices, particularly in centrifugal rotating packed bed (RPB) absorbers. This study presents a comparative analysis of chemical liquid absorbents (NaOH, MEA, piperazine) based on mass transfer efficiency, thermal and oxidative stability, regeneration energy demand, and economic feasibility. It was found that centrifugal contactors demonstrate a significantly higher volumetric mass transfer coefficient compared to conventional packed absorption columns, especially when using MEA. The influence of absorbent concentration and hydrodynamic parameters on mass transfer intensity was analyzed. The results show that piperazine, despite its higher cost, provides the best operational performance. The research offers a foundation for selecting absorbents considering both technical and economic parameters as well as mass transfer efficiency, aimed at compact and energy-efficient CO₂ capture systems. Key words: liquid absorbents, rotating packed bed, CO2 capture, mass transfer
Energy efficiency of heat pump continuous flow grain dryers
Grain drying is an energy-intensive stage of post-harvest processing, where the use of heat pumps is one of the methods to improve energy efficiency. The paper provides concise information on drying technology, types of dryers, and their features. Particular attention is paid to recirculation schemes of the drying agent, which reduce energy consumption by reusing the heat carrier. Modern approaches to integrating heat pumps into continuous flow grain dryers systems are discussed, enabling dual functionality: dehumidifying air in the evaporator and heating it in the condenser. The article proposes a methodology for assessing the energy efficiency of grain drying in heat pump continuous flow grain dryers. The study also analyzes the influence of the non-isenthalpic drying mode in continuous flow dryers, a key feature that differentiates them from chamber systems. Recommendations for optimizing drying parameters to reduce energy consumption and improve dryer efficiency are provided. The research findings may be useful for agricultural enterprises seeking to modernize post-harvest grain processing technologies. Key words: grain dryer, energy efficiency, recirculation, heat pump, flow-through dryers, chamber dryers, grain moisture
Analysis of direct mechanical into thermal energy conversion using eddy currents
The article presents the results of an experimental study on the operation of an induction heat energy generator, which implements the conversion of mechanical energy from the rotation of a magnetic disk into thermal energy through eddy currents induced in a conductive metal plate by an alternating magnetic field. The object of the research is the process of direct conversion of mechanical energy into heat. The experimental setup consists of a rotor with permanent magnets arranged in a circular pattern, rotating above a steel plate. As the magnetic field moves relative to the conductor, eddy currents are induced, resulting in heating due to Joule losses. The influence of the structural and magnetic parameters of the setup on the amount of thermal loss power is investigated, particularly the frequency of magnetic field variation, the magnetic flux density, and the distance to the plate. To verify the experimentally obtained values, a theoretical formula for calculating eddy current power loss was used, which accounts for the magnetic induction, frequency of field variation, and the electrical properties of the material. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed a discrepancy of less than 10%. The obtained results can be applied in the development of contactless heating systems, energy recovery systems, and power units with direct mechanical-to-thermal energy conversion, especially for wind and hydraulic turbines. Key words: renewable energy sources, wind energy, induction heating, eddy currents, permanent magnets, heat energy generator, contactless heating, direct energy conversion, rotational motion
UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT FROM TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT TO IMPROVE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS
The article analyzes various possibilities for utilizing waste heat removed from installed equipment at industrial enterprises. A comparison of different types of systems is presented, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Calculations using the h–d diagram were carried out for different outdoor air temperatures for three system configurations: a straight-through system (without heat recovery), a system with air recirculation, and a system with a two-level mixing chamber. The advantages of using an adaptive system with a two-level mixing chamber compared to the traditional air recirculation scheme are demonstrated. It is shown that, under certain operating modes, the adaptive system can reduce operational costs by more than 10 times. Technical barriers to the implementation of an adaptive system with a two-level mixing chamber are also discussed. Key words: energy efficiency; adaptive system; air recirculation; heat recovery
Increasing the efficiency of electricity use by residential and public buildings in the presence of hybrid solar power plants in the electricity market
The article is devoted to the analysis of electricity consumption schedules of public and residential buildings and the operation and optimization of the operation of rooftop hybrid solar power plants. The wide distribution of hybrid solar inverters, due to both the desire to reduce energy consumption costs and the need to provide backup power to critical consumers, created prerequisites for using the advantages of the electricity market. Storage and the possibility of interchangeability of energy sources (for example, district heating and electricity supply for heating and hot water supply) allows us to talk about buildings in the context of "active consumers". The developed standard schedules of electricity consumption by buildings allow optimizing the use of their own solar power plant to minimize the cost of electricity supply, taking into account the possibility of storage systems and the possibility of using surplus solar generation for heating, air conditioning and hot water supply. The simulation of the solar power plant operating modes in the following options: "consumption for own needs without optimizing the use of storage systems", "sale of surplus electricity on the market", "consumption for own needs with optimization of storage systems" indicates the possibility of reducing the cost of energy consumption of the facility by 30-40% depending on the daily solar insolation. The use of the model allows you to configure the operating modes of hybrid inverters to optimize energy consumption. It is advisable to focus further research on the creation of an alternative control system for inverters with optimization depending on the load profile of the building. Key words: hybrid power supply, energy consumption modeling, cost optimization, demand side
Scientific foundations of designing specialized agricultural bioengineering complexes
The article considers the design of specialized agricultural bioengineering complexes for biological plant protection based on the use of ontologies. The aim of the study is to develop scientific foundations for the design of specialized agricultural bioengineering complexes. The object of research is specialized agricultural bioengineering complexes. The subject of the research is the use of an ontological approach to the design of intelligent information systems for biological plant protection. Research methods – systemic approach, ontological engineering, free software environment Visual Understanding Environment. An analysis of research by domestic and foreign scientists on the design of specialized agricultural bioengineering complexes was conducted. The processes of designing an intelligent information system for biological plant protection are formalized in the form of ontologies, in particular, structuring actions to manage the production of biological plant protection products (at the technocenosis level), structuring actions to manage the use of biological plant protection products (at the agrotechnocenosis level), and developing a knowledge base of an intelligent information system for biological plant protection. The advantages of using ontologies in designing an intelligent information system for biological plant protection are automation of knowledge analysis, aggregation of knowledge, and increasing the level of competence of a human technologist in the processes of production management and the use of biological plant protection products. Key words: agrotechnocenosis, knowledge base, biological plant protection, intellectual information system, ontologies, technocenosis
Influence of voltage deviation on the angular speed of series-excitated DC motors
Series-excited DC motors are the most common DC motors used in mobile machines. In these motors, the magnetic flux depends on the motor load. Since the magnetization curve of the electric motor is nonlinear, it is not possible to obtain an analytical expression for the mechanical characteristics of the motor. Therefore, the operation of the motor is considered in an unsaturated magnetic system and a saturated one. The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of voltage deviation on the angular speed of working machines with a series-excited DC motor. As a result of the conducted research, the dependences of the angular speed of a series-excited DC motor on voltage for working machines with different types of mechanical characteristics in an unsaturated and saturated magnetic system were established. It was established that the law of change of the angular speed of the electric drive when the supply voltage deviates is determined by the mechanical characteristic of the working machine. For working machines in which the moment of static resistance does not depend or linearly depends on the angular speed, the angular speed changes linearly with the change in voltage. For working machines with nonlinear mechanical characteristics, the change in the angular speed of the electric drive when the voltage deviates occurs according to a complex algorithm. The influence of the thyristor voltage converter on the power supply network was also studied. The third, fifth and seventh harmonics were found in the harmonic spectrum. Key words: electric drive, series-excited DC motor, angular speed, voltage deviation, mechanical characteristic of the working machine, thyristor voltage converter, higher harmonics
Increasing the efficiency of heat utilization of exhaust air from combustion chambers by conversion into electrical energy
The article is devoted to solving the urgent problem of increasing the energy efficiency of thermal processes by implementing the latest technology using thermoelectric modules as an alternative source of electricity that uses waste heat. The purpose of the study is to develop and experimentally verify the operability of an autonomous system for recovering heat losses from the combustion chamber of hydrocarbon-water mixtures based on thermoelectric generators. The experimental setup included a commercial module TEC1-12715, which at a temperature gradient of ≈40°C (141°C / 101°C) generated a voltage of 1.56V and a current of ≈0.32A, which corresponds to a power of ≈0.49W. A DC-DC converter (2V → 24V) was used to increase the voltage. The practical suitability of the system was tested on the example of powering a low-power electrical load. The temperature field was assessed during the experimental study using thermal imaging measurements and a non-contact thermometer. A three-dimensional model of ten pairs of P/N-Type elements was developed, which takes into account thermal conductivity and thermoelectric effects. To assess the efficiency of the module, numerical simulation was performed in COMSOL Multiphysics, where a three-dimensional model of an element with 10 thermocouples was created. Under similar temperature conditions, it provided an output voltage of 0.144V. Extrapolation to a full module with 127 pairs gave a theoretical value of ≈1.83V, which is ≈14.7% higher than the experimental results. The discrepancy is explained by thermal losses and idealized modeling conditions. The results obtained confirm the potential of TEG for utilizing low-potential heat and powering auxiliary devices in autonomous power systems. Prospects for further development of the system include the use of materials with a higher Seebeck coefficient; improvement of the cooling system, in particular with the use of CFD analysis; implementation of buffer energy storage for pulsed power supply of loads. Key words: thermoelectric generators, heat recovery, heat loss utilization, water-hydrocarbon mixtures, boost converter, combustion chamber, COMSOL Multiphysics software environment, temperature gradient
Optimization of heat recovery system parameters with a glass furnace recuperator
The modern development of the energy sector is characterized by a significant increase in the cost of energy and natural resources, as well as growing requirements for environmental protection from the impact of waste produced by municipal and industrial enterprises. Currently, the problem of energy saving in the municipal heat-power engineering is to some extent solved by recovering the heat of fuel combustion materials. Increasing the efficiency of the relevant heat recovery equipment is important and urgent. The purpose of the study is to optimize the parameters of a heat recovery system with a regenerative-type industrial furnace recuperator based on a complex multi-level optimization, statistical theory of experiment planning, and functional analysis. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were set: to develop a multi-level optimization scheme and a recursive bypass scheme of optimization levels for a heat recovery system with a glass melting furnace recuperator; to develop mathematical models for each optimization level and obtain functional dependencies of the system efficiency assessment criteria on the main parameters based on statistical methods of experiment planning and functional analysis methods; to determine the optimal values of the operating and constructive parameters of the heat recovery system. The basic principle of the multi-level optimization method is as follows. When constructing a mathematical model of each optimization level, the variable parameters are the parameters that vary for the objects of this level, and the constant parameters are the optimal parameters that are the results of solving local optimization problems of other levels. The main task when using the statistical methods of the experiment planning theory and functional analysis methods is to determine the functional dependencies of the criteria for assessing of the studied heat recovery system efficiency on its main parameters. The research results of the operating and constructive parameters of a heat recovery system that includes a waste heat recuperator of a regenerative type gas-consuming industrial furnace are presented. The recuperator is designed to heat the combustion air by heat recovering of the exhaust gases after the furnace regenerators. The recuperators are assembled of the required number of modules depending on the exhaust gas consumption. The heat exchange surface of the module is made up of steel panels formed by pipes with membranes. Exhaust gases move in the inter-panel space, and air moves in the pipe space. To intensify heat transfer from the air side, the pipes have with flow turbulators. A multi-level optimization scheme and a recursive bypass scheme of optimization levels for the studied heat recovery system were developed. The optimal values of the operating and constructive parameters of the heat recovery system using the specified complex methodology were calculated. The methodology allows you to determine the parameters that are as close to optimal as possible. This increases the heat recovery efficiency of exhaust gases by an average of 2.5% to 3% compared to the efficiency of systems optimized using other optimization methods. Key words: heat recovery; heat recovery of exhaust gases; complex research methods
Analysis of relay protection systems of regional distribution networks with distributed generation sources
The article presents a comparative review and analysis of modern methods of functioning of relay protection systems of medium-voltage distribution networks with distributed generation sources (DGR). The analysis touched upon the main technical challenges associated with the active introduction of DGR, primarily renewable sources, into regional networks, which leads to a change in the directions of flows and currents in the network, violation of the conditions for ensuring selectivity, sensitivity and technically perfect coordination between protective devices. Special attention is paid to the features of relay protection of micro-power systems during the transition from network to island mode. The purpose of the study is to review and analyze modern methods and systems of relay protection of distribution regional networks with DRG, taking into account the features of their operation. The article studies traditional and innovative (adaptive, combined, based on sequential components, using phasor measuring devices and artificial intelligence) protection methods, their efficiency and ability to operate in characteristic modes. The comparative analysis was carried out taking into account known modern platforms, their advantages, complexity of implementation, requirements for communication channels, settings and tests, possible risks due to the complexity of relay protection systems. The key advantages and limitations of modern approaches to implementing relay protection, as well as current trends in the development of protection systems for active networks with a high share of DRG, are identified. It is shown that to ensure the reliability and safety of power supply in modern conditions, it is necessary to implement adaptive, intelligent and hybrid protection systems with the possibility of operating regional microgrids in island mode. As a rule, in distribution regional networks, protection systems based on current measurement are used, less often - based on voltage measurement or combined protection systems (based on current and voltage measurement). However, the change in the structure of power supply from centralized (with one-way current flow) to decentralized (with different DRGs) creates a serious threat to network protection systems in terms of reliability of operation, sensitivity and coordination of various protection elements. It is established that innovative methods demonstrate higher flexibility, accuracy and ability to self-organize. At the same time, they require more complex technical and software implementation, communication setup and relevant implementation experience. The reliability of protection in the future will be determined by the system's ability to adapt to rapid changes in operating mode, dynamic connection and change of DRG parameters, requirements for power supply of critical consumers even in the event of a transition to islanding modes when disconnected from the main grid. Key words: distributed generation, transient stability, protection coordination, islanding, distribution networ.
To the 60-year anniversary of Viktor Volodymyrovych KAPLUNA
Kaplun Viktor Volodymyrovych is a well-known specialist and scientist in the field of energy, has scientific achievements recognized by the domestic and scientific community. He has solved a number of scientific problems that have significant theoretical and practical significance for managing the reliability of electrical complexes based on devices with the shape memory effect, power supply systems with polygeneration, their technological structuring and increasing efficiency through dynamic energy management. During 2010-2011 - Director of the Research Institute of Electric Power Systems of NUBiP of Ukraine, 2011-2019 - Vice-Rector for Scientific and Innovative Activities of KNUTD. Since 2020 - Director of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Power Engineering, Automation and Energy Saving of NUBiP of Ukraine. V. V. Kaplun is one of the founders of the scientific direction and developer of unique technologies for controlling temperature regimes in electrical installations based on shape memory alloys. For the first time, the technologies for producing smart alloys were theoretically substantiated and developed, the characteristics of which exceed world analogues. The products have been implemented in more than 300 enterprises of the energy complex of Ukraine (Kyiv Cable Networks, Zaporizhzhia NPP, Kyivoblenergo, Kharkiv City Electric Networks, Ukrhydronergo, Vinnytsiaoblenergo, Cherkasioblenergo, etc.), Canada (energy company Ontario Hydro). He proposed new theoretical approaches to creating autonomous electromechanical complexes (generator-motor) with compensated asynchronous machines, which provided a significant increase in the energy efficiency of electrical engineering complexes of this class and made it possible to create technological platforms for autonomous power supply systems, which have been implemented in over 140 projects, including 22 facilities of NPP Ukrenergo, Darnytsia, Mostobud PJSC, Eastern Coal Company LLC, the National Space Agency of Ukraine, Roshen PJSC, the State Emergency and Technical Center of the Ministry of Energy of Ukraine, Kyivvodokanal PJSC, etc. A significant contribution of V. V. Kaplun is the development of the theory of optimization of local micro-energy systems based on reliability and cost criteria, which created conditions for the development of principles for the formation of technological structures with polygeneration, balancing models, theoretical and methodological tools for the formation of dynamic energy management systems. Significant results of V.V. Kaplun as an organizer of science is the launch and conduct of the professional accelerator "Energy Security in Wartime" (from 2022), which has become a platform for exchanging experience of business mentors for discussing and solving applied tasks of improving the quality of electricity, reducing losses, managing the reliability of distribution networks, etc., cooperation with stakeholders in the energy sector, promising programs have been formed to increase operational efficiency, an adaptive customer-oriented energy consumption management system ("DTEK Kyiv Regional Networks", "VAP-BUD", Derzhenergonadzor, "Sejm-93", "DTEK Kyiv Electric Networks", "Svitlotek", "Biotestlab", "DTEK Odessa Electric Networks"), the creation of an educational and scientific Digital Energy Cluster with the participation of the National University of Bioresources and Environmental Management of Ukraine, LLC "DTEK Networks", PJSC "Cherkasioblenergo", the Institute of General Energy of the NAS of Ukraine, LLC "482 solutions", the Law Firm Association "Consilium", LLC "Kampov Technology", LLC "Atmosfera", LLC "e-NEXT-Ukraine", which allowed to combine the production and research potential of its participants. Scientific and organizational activities have a wide range of projects: national consultant in the field of energy of the United Nations Development Program in Ukraine in the project "Integration of the provisions of the RIO Conventions into the national policy of Ukraine" (2014-2016), member of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Energy of Ukraine (since 2021), member of the working group on the implementation of the Concept of the introduction of "smart grids" in Ukraine by 2035 under the Ministry of Energy of Ukraine (since 2023), member of the Scientific and Methodological Council of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine of the G3 Electrical Engineering subcommittee (since 2024), participant in the working group of the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers on the preparation of Ukraine's negotiating positions on the conclusion of the Agreement on Ukraine's Accession to the EU on energy issues (since 2024), vice-president of the Ukrainian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (since 2020) on issues energy saving and energy efficiency management. He is the head of the international grant projects LIFE22-CET-NS4nZEBs (New Skills for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings), LIFE23-CET-BUSHROSs (Building Up Skills for Home Renovation One-Stop-Shops), ERASMUS-EDU-2022-CB-VET (Vocational Education and Training For Green and Smart Energy in Buildings). Kaplun V.V. is the author of 216 scientific works, including 12 monographs, 3 textbooks and teaching aids, 33 patents and copyright certificates. For his significant contribution to the development of science and education in Ukraine, V.V. Kaplun was awarded the title of "Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine" (2016), he is a laureate of the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology (2017), awards Awarded with the Certificate of Honor of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2020). The editorial board of the journal "Energy and Automation" sincerely congratulates Viktor Volodymyrovych on his anniversary, wishes him good health, and further creative success in his activities.
Identification of rodents locations in fields for organization of protective measures in agronomy
One of the main problems of the agricultural sector of Ukraine is the reduction of yields due to the impact of pests, in particular mouse-like rodents. According to experts, in Ukraine, annual crop losses from rodents can be up to 20% depending on the level of the pest population. Accordingly, damage to grain crops due to rodent activity in 2020 was estimated at over 1.2 million tons, which in financial terms is more than 400 million hryvnias (according to the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine). The results of the article are the preparation and analysis of data from monitoring the terrain relief to identify mounds created by rodents. Microrelief analysis and construction of its DBSCAN model using synthetic LiDAR data, clustering of anomalous elevations by the method and saving the results for further analysis using the R programming language. Key words: fields, rodents, burrow identification, terrain, UAV, LiDAR, data analysis, machine learning, R language
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Influence of the amount of loaded substrate on the energy efficiency of biogas production
Today, humanity's need for energy resources increases annually. The high cost of raw materials (oil, gas, fuel) leads to the need to search for alternative energy sources. Today, the fermentation of organic agricultural waste in biogas plants is one of the most environmentally friendly and economically advantageous solutions for obtaining energy from waste in the form of biogas. Along with this, a side effect of fermentation of organic waste is the production of valuable environmentally friendly fertilizers. However, the formation of biogas is a complex technological process, since in the process of methanogenesis it is necessary to maintain artificially created microclimate parameters. The influence of external factors such as temperature, acidity level pH, humidity, the presence of chemicals in the substrate can create negative consequences for the methane formation process, up to a possible complete loss of the loaded substrate in the biogas reactor. In order to avoid such negative situations, very strict requirements are established for the technological processes of biogas formation. Domestic and foreign scientists theoretically and experimentally establish optimal conditions for the methane formation process. Among them, the greatest attention is paid to maintaining the acidity level and maintaining the temperature according to the conditions of the technological process of biogas formation. According to the conditions of the technological process, biogas formation occurs in three temperature modes: psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic, for which certain limits of temperature fluctuations are established. The greatest temperature differences occur during the loading of a new substrate. In order to avoid the occurrence of a critical temperature difference during loading and unloading processes, the condition of thermal equilibrium in the methane tank was considered. Based on theoretical calculations, the ratio between the mass of the substrate present in the reactor and the loaded fresh substrate was determined. Key words: methane tank, substrate temperature, biogas, thermal equilibrium, ratio, substrate heat capacity
Role of sustainable aviation biofuels in the decarbonisation of aviation sector
Renewable energy, in particular bioenergy, makes a significant contribution to replacing fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This is in line with the current challenge at the global level – the decarbonization of all sectors of the economy, including energy and transport. Due to the widespread use of renewable energy sources, significant progress has already been made in the decarbonization of the heat and electricity production sectors. At the same time, transport lags significantly behind these two sectors in introducing renewable energy carriers. Among other things, this is on account of the objective difficulty of electrifying the transport sector, and this especially applies to aviation and water transport. This determines an increased role of biofuels in the decarbonization of transport. Today, the contribution of aviation to the global greenhouse gas emissions does not exceed 3%. However, given the rapid development of this sector and the growth in fuel consumption in it, this contribution can increase significantly. In view of this, the International Air Transport Association and the International Civil Aviation Organization have set a goal of achieving carbon neutrality in aviation by 2050. It is important that in the implementation of this ambitious goal, 65% is allocated to the consumption of sustainable aviation fuels. In a general sense, sustainable aviation fuels are biofuels and synthetic fuels that can provide a high level of reduction in carbon dioxide emissions compared to the use of fossil fuels. The European Union also pays considerable attention to the issue of decarbonization of aviation, as evidenced by the adoption of a special ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation in 2023. This Regulation sets mandatory targets for the share of sustainable aviation fuels at all the EU airports and provides a more detailed definition of sustainable aviation fuels. The aim of the work is to identify the most promising types of sustainable aviation biofuels and kinds of feedstock for their production for the conditions of Ukraine. To achieve the goal of the work, an analysis of several fundamental aspects related to the production of sustainable aviation biofuels was performed, followed by a synthesis of the results for Ukraine’s conditions. These aspects include the current level of development and commercialization of technologies for obtaining sustainable aviation biofuels; relevant types of feedstock (biomass) and the possibilities of increasing their use; the requirements of Directive (EU) 2018/2001 (RED III) regarding the sustainability of liquid biofuels. Key words: renewable energy sources, decarbonization, sustainable aviation fuels, aviation biofuels, biomass
Use of "green" hydrogen for the production of synthetic renewable methane in Ukraine
One of the directions of development of renewable energy sources is obtaining synthetic renewable methane as a substitute for scarce natural gas, which is relevant for our country. The object of this study is renewable "green" hydrogen, which is an integral component for the production of synthetic renewable methane. The purpose of the work is to review the world experience in developing technologies for the production of "green" hydrogen to obtain synthetic renewable methane and to identify promising ways of implementing these technologies in Ukraine. The article provides a current review of technologies for the production of "green" hydrogen by means of water electrolysis using renewable energy sources (solar, wind). The research methods include the study and analysis of literary and other data, in particular, a comparative analysis of various technologies for the production of "green" hydrogen, their advantages and disadvantages, an analysis of the influence of individual parameters on these technologies, as well as their economic characteristics and application possibilities for the production of synthetic renewable methane. Despite the fact that "green" hydrogen has numerous advantages, most methods of its production are not efficient and are expensive. This is due to the relatively high price of electricity from renewable sources for its production, as well as the limitation of the number of hours of full load operation of electrolysis plants per year. In Ukraine, work on the implementation of projects for the production of "green" hydrogen has begun. The paper provides forecast estimates of the cost of hydrogen production at these plants. As shown by preliminary economic calculations of the production of "green" hydrogen and synthetic renewable methane, such production is currently not economically feasible for Ukraine. However, an analysis of the forecast of world prices for "green" hydrogen allows us to conclude that their steady trend of decline is expected. This will lead to the fact that the industrial production of synthetic renewable methane may become profitable for implementation in Ukraine in the coming decades. Key words: "green" hydrogen, synthetic renewable methane, renewable energy sources
Hybrid control strategies for multi-robot systems: enhancing coordination, communication, and adaptability
Multi-robot systems have garnered substantial interest in industrial automation, search and rescue operations, and space exploration due to their capacity to execute complex tasks with enhanced efficiency and robustness. Effective coordination among multiple autonomous agents is crucial for optimizing task execution, minimizing resource utilization, and ensuring operational reliability. However, key challenges such as dynamic task allocation, collision avoidance, communication constraints, and adaptability to environmental changes persist. This study presents a novel hybrid approach to multi-robot task coordination, integrating swarm intelligence principles with reinforcement learning techniques to enhance decision-making and adaptability in dynamic environments. The proposed methodology employs a hybrid algorithm that synergizes swarm intelligence-based heuristics with reinforcement learning frameworks to achieve optimal task allocation and path planning. The system is implemented in a simulated multi-robot environment, where robots operate under predefined task objectives and varying environmental conditions. The evaluation framework encompasses a series of performance metrics, including task completion time, energy efficiency, inter-robot communication overhead, and system robustness against dynamic perturbations. Comparative analysis is conducted against conventional heuristic and deterministic approaches to validate the effectiveness of the proposed coordination model. The experimental modeling evaluation reveals that the proposed coordination framework significantly enhances task execution efficiency by minimizing redundant movements and optimizing resource allocation. Performance improvements can be measured in reduced task completion time (by an average of X%), lower energy consumption (by Y%), and improved adaptability to unforeseen obstacles. Additionally, the hybrid approach demonstrates superior resilience in dynamic environments, maintaining stable coordination performance despite task demands and variations in environmental unpredictability. Statistical analysis confirms the robustness of the proposed method over traditional strategies, highlighting its applicability in real-world multi-robot deployments. The findings underscore the potential of integrating swarm intelligence and reinforcement learning to achieve scalable and adaptive multi-robot coordination. This approach offers substantial implications for real-world applications, including warehouse logistics, autonomous surveillance, and disaster response operations. Future research will extend real-time adaptability, enhance multi-agent learning capabilities, and scale the framework for larger robotic fleets with decentralized decision-making architectures. Furthermore, potential hardware implementations and real-world testing had been explored to validate simulation findings and refine deployment strategies. Key words: Industrial automation, IoT, Robotics, System Architecture, Control systems, Simulation, Swarm, SLAM
Presentation of knowledge in the production of entomophages
The article is devoted to the issue of knowledge representation in the production of entomophages based on the use of ontologies. The aim of the study is to develop an ontological knowledge base in entomophages production. The object of the research is knowledge about the processes of managing the production of entomophages. The subject of the research is the digitalization of entomophages production management processes. Research methods – structural synthesis, ontological analysis, synergistic approach, software environment Visual Understanding Environment. The relevance of the indicated research direction is substantiated; well-known works on the application of ontologies are noted, in particular, in the processes of: decision-making support, intelligent control of technological complexes; ontological modeling of a knowledge base for travel organization, creation of an ontological glossary; development of a dictionary and ontology for modeling insect natural history data, etc. An ontological knowledge base in the production of the entomophages Habrobracon hebetor has been developed. The structure of the knowledge base contains: classes "Human actions in production management processes", "Quality control of entomological products", "Technological processes", "Formalization of knowledge regarding production processes", "Precedentes", "Decision support", "Ensuring the quality of entomological products"; concepts and built-in ontologies "Processes of the production of entomophage Habrobracon hebetor", "Thesaurus of intellectual support for decision-making in the production of entomophages". The results of the study make it possible to increase the efficiency of the management processes of complex biotechnical production due to the digitalization of knowledge, the growth of the level of competence of biotechnologists. Key words: knowledge base, entomophages production, ontologies, decision support
Research on the energy efficiency of the anaerobic fermentation process of animal waste
Analysis of the problem of energy supply of agricultural production shows that the existing difficulties in the field are caused by human violation of the biological law of bioenergetic orientation of living systems, according to which all components of living nature are energy-saving. At the same time, the effect that has been provided so far by using a certain amount of energy carriers can be obtained with a smaller amount of them, if additional measures are taken to save energy and use non-traditional energy sources. Due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the constant deepening of the energy and environmental crisis, considerable attention is paid to renewable and non-traditional energy sources. However, despite the fact that this energy itself is free, the equipment necessary for utilization and conversion is quite expensive. The main advantage of renewable and non-traditional types of energy is the inexhaustibility of the latter. The fact that farm animals poorly absorb the energy of plant feeds, and that more than half of this energy is used unproductively, allows us to consider manure and droppings not only as a valuable raw material for organic fertilizers and a protein supplement to animal feed, but also as a powerful renewable source of energy in agricultural production. As a heat and energy raw material, animal manure can be used to produce combustible gas, which consists of 2/3 of methane - one of the most valuable and high-calorie types of fuel. And although modern technological schemes for biogas production are still inferior to traditional natural sources in terms of economic indicators, a significant number of biogas plants are operating in most foreign countries, which provide up to 20-40% of energy needs in agriculture. An effective way to utilize livestock manure is anaerobic fermentation in biogas plants. During fermentation, animal excrement is largely disinfected, pathogenic microflora dies, weed seeds lose their germination, and in addition, biogas is released, the utilization of which allows obtaining additional energy. This way of manure utilization under the conditions of gradual depletion and increase in the cost of traditional sources is gaining special importance. Since fermentation is carried out in closed structures, completely isolated from the environment, the possibility of the spread of infections and gases with an unpleasant odor and the ingress of untreated manure into the soil, ground and groundwater is eliminated. As a result of the decomposition of organic substances in the fermented product, the proportion of biogenic elements increases, most of them are converted into easily digestible mineral substances by plants, and nitrogen losses do not exceed 3-5%. An experimental installation was developed to determine the nature of gas evolution, the depth of mineralization of organic matter depending on the regime and design parameters, as well as to develop technological schemes for anaerobic treatment and utilization of waste from livestock enterprises based on the obtained dependencies. Key words: organic waste, anaerobic fermentation, energy efficiency livestock waste, anaerobic fermentation, energy efficiency
Satellite monitoring in the implementation of the agricultural development concept in an urbanized environment
Cities, due to their urbanization and human activity, create heat islands that have the potential for agricultural production. Heat emissions contribute to the extension of the growing season, enabling the cultivation of technical crops even on contaminated soils, which are important for bioenergy and biogas production. The technologies for monitoring heat islands using satellites are discussed, which allow the identification of areas with the highest heat emissions. Research in Kyiv showed that the most stable heat emissions occur in the spring-autumn period, when the temperature ranges from 5 to 25°C, which is optimal for plant development. Satellite monitoring technologies not only detect thermal anomalies but also identify optimal locations for green planting that help reduce the negative impact of the urban environment on vegetation. The developed software solution based on satellite data helps track changes in surface temperature and their effect on vegetation, enabling better planning of agricultural production in urban areas. The example of the Lavina shopping and entertainment center in Kyiv revealed stable heat emissions that can be used for the development of urban agriculture. Proposed crops adapted to these conditions can optimize the use of heat for plant cultivation and provide ecological benefits for the city. The conclusions confirm the significant potential of heat islands for the development of urban agriculture, which contributes to improving ecology in megacities and providing local residents with high-quality products. Key words: satellites, heat islands, urban farming
Reversible control of series-excitated DC motors
Series-excited DC motors are used in electric drives of mobile machines, electric vehicles and machines that operate with significant overloads. These motors have a nonlinear magnetization curve. Therefore, it is impossible to analytically describe the mechanical and electromechanical characteristics. For this, the motor magnetization curve (transition characteristic) is experimentally determined. The motor is reversed through the anti-switching braking mode. into the anti-switching braking mode, which necessitates the inclusion of an additional braking resistor in the armature circuit. After anti-switching braking, the motor begins to rotate in the other direction. In this case, it is necessary to limit the starting current of the motor by introducing additional resistances. The purpose of the study is to develop schemes for reversing control of series-excited DC motors and methods for analytical determination of starting and braking resistances. Currently, the most common in counter-switching braking schemes is control in the EMF function, and when starting the motor – in the current function. A scheme for reversing control of a series-excited DC motor with counter-switching braking in the EMF function and engine starting in the time function has been developed. A scheme is also presented that provides only engine braking in the EMF function. A method for analytical determination of starting resistances for braking resistances for the developed control schemes has been developed. Key words: series-excited DC motor, reversing, counter-switching braking, motor starting, starting resistors
Modern approaches to processing technological information in industrial automation systems based on knowledge bases
This article is dedicated to the analysis of existing approaches and the synthesis of novel methods for processing technological information in industrial automation systems in the context of modeling digital twins of various interconnected sections and systems. The aim of the research is to analyze the challenges of knowledge base modeling and improve the efficiency of information processing by considering heterogeneous data. The study focuses on the automation systems of three sugar production sections: diffusion, defecosaturation, and evaporation. As part of the research, a general associative map was developed, enabling the structured organization of industrial automation systems, establishing relationships, and enriching data with context for further processing. A semantic knowledge base model was designed to define data influence zones and generate a data schema that accounts for data heterogeneity. The developed semantic model allows for rapid contextual and criteria-based searches, analysis of subsystem interactions, and the calculation of similarity levels in data and anomalies, which is crucial for mathematical modeling and the synthesis of multi-layered or cognitive digital twins of processes. Based on the semantic model, a production section visualization model was created, integrating technological documentation, SCADA system data, industrial data archives, external sources, and knowledge bases via the web using meta-knowledge. Using the Clojure programming language, search queries were generated to explore influence zones, context and mentions, as well as to calculate knowledge similarity. This approach enables the integration of multiple system models without significant additional costs, ultimately defining the structure of the digital twin while accounting for potential changes in knowledge systems. This ensures a systematic and efficient approach to data collection, processing, storage, and integration with other technological systems. An additional advantage is the ability to combine individual, already described digital twins into a multi-layered comprehensive model, providing a detailed representation of the technological process and enhancing decision-making efficiency. Key words: ontology, digital twin, knowledge base, data, intelligent knowledge management systems, automation
Ways to improve the energy efficiency of pumping units of water supply systems taking into account the dynamics of the increase in the cost of electricity
The article is devoted to the urgent problem of increasing the energy efficiency of pumping units of water supply systems of the housing and communal sector. The purpose of the study is to find ways to reduce the electric energy consumption of pumping units by introducing electric motors of an increased energy efficiency class. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: assessment of the technical condition and potential of the total energy consumption of pumping units; assessment of the components of the water supply tariff structure in Ukraine; testing of asynchronous motors of different energy efficiency classes powered by a frequency converter to determine the energy and functional properties; assessment of the level of energy saving of a pumping unit using the example of the introduction of an IE5 class motor. Special test methods were used to determine losses and assess the efficiency of AC motors powered by a converter. Functional dependences of torque and current on the speed of rotation and energy indicators on the load level for asynchronous motors of different energy efficiency classes were established. Two categories of parameters that affect the reliability of pumping units when using asynchronous motors of different energy efficiency classes are determined, namely: maximum torque when regulating the supply voltage frequency; thermal limit curves during overloads. An express assessment of the effectiveness of investments in replacing motors with low energy efficiency is carried out. Ways are proposed to curb the growth of tariffs, among which the most predictable and economically feasible is the implementation of the frequency converter - IE5 class motor - pump system. When replacing an AIR type motor with an IE5 class motor, the expected reduction in electricity costs for a 2.2 kW motor is 15.48% with an investment payback period of 1.1 years. The established patterns can be used within the framework of a comprehensive approach to applying energy-efficient measures and increasing the reliability of the operation of pumping units of water supply systems in the housing and communal sector. Key words: energy efficiency, pumping units, water supply, variable frequency drive, electric motor
Electrotechnological methods for improving the quality of vegetable oils
The methods of extracting oil from plant materials differ somewhat depending on the nature of the raw material and the content of the oil itself (oil). That is why, for many centuries, various methods of extracting oil from plant raw materials have been used: treatment of specially prepared oil raw materials with organic solvents, settling, centrifugation, distillation and filtration. The main methods today are: mechanical extraction, chemical extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, steam distillation and vacuuming. Recent studies have established that the least energy-consuming and promising are electrophysical methods of processing raw materials, based on the use of electromagnetic energy. In particular, the application and effectiveness of electrophysical methods of processing oil raw materials in improving the quality of purification and productivity of vegetable oils production are substantiated. Key words: vegetable oils, efficiency improvement, electrophysical purification methods
Chervinsky Leonid Stepanovych (to the 75th anniversary of his birth)
Leonid Stepanovych Chervinsky was born on March 16, 1950. In 1977, he graduated with honors from the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy with a degree in “Agricultural Electrification”, received the qualification of an electrical engineer and was left to work at the academy at the Department of the Application of Electricity in Agriculture, where he has been working for 48 years.
Increasing biogas yield in biogas plants by adding whey to cattle manure
Currently, the problem of replacing natural gas with biomethane based on the widespread use of biogas plants, which will ensure the production of biogas, heat, electricity and high-quality fertilizers by anaerobic digestion of organic waste, is acute. One of the directions of increasing biogas yield is the intensification of fermentation of livestock waste. The aim of the article is to increase biogas yield in biogas plants by adding whey to cattle manure. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the biogas yield was experimentally determined when cattle manure was periodically loaded into the methane tank with the addition of whey; based on the experimental data obtained, the unimodality interval for the maximum biogas yield was found in the quasi-continuous mode of loading the methane tank. The process of methanogenesis of cattle manure with the addition of whey in laboratory mini-reactors of biogas plants of the Poznań University of Life Sciences was considered. Using the dichotomy method, the optimal volumes of whey addition to the substrate were substantiated, which ensure the maximum increase in biogas (biomethane) yield. Key words: mini-reactors, biogas plants, methanogenesis research, cattle manure, whey
Stability research of parametric systems with partially fixed boundary conditions
General formulations of practical stability problems for nonlinear systems of differential equations dependent on parameters are formulated in the presence of additional boundary conditions that arise during the design of linear resonance accelerators, in particular, when coordinating different sections of the accelerator. Common types of boundary conditions are given in the form of additional conditions for the state vector at the initial and final moments of time, and their linear combination. Within the framework of the formulated problems, a linear inhomogeneous system with disturbances in the presence of boundary conditions on part of the coordinates of the state vector was investigated. Using the methods of practical stability of parametric systems, criteria for checking the corresponding stability qualities under partial restrictions on the vector of initial conditions and constantly acting disturbances were obtained. Linear and nonlinear dynamic constraints on the phase coordinates of the system under study are considered; additional conditions are given in specific structures such as ellipsoids. To record the achievable estimates, the general solution of the parametric system is presented in Cauchy form and the corresponding extremal problem is solved. For the case of nonlinear constraints on the state vector in dynamics, a preliminary approximation of a closed convex set by tangent hyperplanes is performed. As a special case, the stability region of a linear parametric system is estimated in the presence of partially fixed initial conditions and dynamic phase constraints of linear and nonlinear type. It is noted that such problems arise, for example, if it is known that the particles have a small spread in radial velocities. The problems of estimating the stability region for linear parametric systems with additional perturbations in the presence of boundary conditions on part of the state vector and partially fixed initial conditions characterizing the relationship of the particle bunch motion in a linear resonant accelerator at certain moments of time are investigated. In this case, part of the initial conditions vector and constantly acting perturbations are subject to specific constraints. The evaluation criteria for the stability of a parametric system are obtained for the case of linear and nonlinear dynamic constraints on the phase coordinate vector. Key words: parametric system, boundary conditions, practical stability, perturbations, achievable estimates, linear accelerator