ISSN 2223-0858 (Online) Subject: theoretical and applied sciences, technology and industry in the field of energy and automation Year established: 2009 Founder and publisher: National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Publisher registration number (EDRPOU): 00493706 Publisher's ROR: https://ror.org/0441cbj57 DOI prefix: 10.31548 Published 6 time a year Media identifier R40-02287. The National Council of Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine Decision No. 1796 of 21 December 2023, protocol No. 31 Speciality DAK: Technical Sciences Scientific journal cluster: Safe, clean energy and energy efficiency. Subject areas in which the journal publishes scientific papers: G3 electrical engineering; G11 - mechanical engineering, G4 energy production. Languages of the publication: Ukrainian, English Address: Heroiv Oborony st., 12, Kyiv-03041, Ukraine Phone: +38 044 527 85 22
Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України
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Analysis of solar drying methods and design schemes of solar dryers
Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere requires decisive action toward decarbonization, primarily in the energy sector, that is, a transition to carbon-free, particularly renewable, energy sources. Thermal drying of agricultural products is one of the sectors that requires significant energy consumption, which leads to CO2 emissions. The use of solar radiation energy for drying processes can significantly reduce the carbon footprint as well as the consumption of energy from fossil resources. However, one of the main obstacles to the widespread implementation of solar dryers is the variability of solar radiation during the technological process. It is determined by the time of day, season, local climate, and meteorological conditions. This leads to the risks of instability of temperature and humidity regimes and deterioration of product quality. The aim of the article is to analyze drying methods and structural schemes of solar dryers used in modern technological processes. The study used the methods of analysis, comparison, and generalization of the results of scientific research on solar drying processes. As a result, it was determined that the efficiency of solar drying significantly depends on the method of heat supply, the organization of air convection, the ability to compensate for periods of low insolation by means of additional energy sources or storage, as well as on the structural type of the dryer. In accordance with the stated objective, it is necessary to select a method that will ensure an efficient drying process while complying with the requirements for preserving product quality. Recieved: 18.01.2026. Recieved: 01.04.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
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Research of rotary transformer monitoring and regulation system of biogas reactor operation
This article is devoted to improving the method of transmitting electrical energy to rotating components of electromechanical systems, particularly in explosive or chemically aggressive environments. The objective of the study is to justify the use of a transformer with a rotating secondary winding for contactless power transmission to the rotating part of a submersible multifunctional electromechanical transducer (PMET) as part of a system for monitoring and regulating the operating mode of a biogas reactor. In the developed system, the transformer structure is implemented as a rotating transformer (RT) with axially arranged windings: the primary winding is rigidly fixed on a stationary steel core, and the secondary winding is mounted on the PEMP. To evaluate the dynamic properties of the RT, a series of measurements was conducted while varying the frequency of the input P-shaped signal from 1.5 to 7 kHz. The RT power supply circuit is based on an IR2153 PWM driver that controls two MOSFET transistors. Analysis of the electromagnetic field and the distribution patterns of magnetic induction was performed in the Comsol Multiphysics software environment. The choice of a 2 kHz supply frequency was confirmed by the achieved power and efficiency values. The proposed OT is distinguished by its topological features and operating mode in measurement cycles. To eliminate the influence of the sensor power supply system on the thermal profile, a special algorithm for the OT’s operation was developed. The resulting prototype demonstrates an average efficiency of 75% in the output power range of 300–500 mW. The proposed topology makes it possible to increase the power of the operational technology system without compromising its size, cost, or performance. Future research directions include ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of the monitoring and control system and investigating its impact on the substrate of the biogas reactor. Recieved: 20.01.2026. Recieved: 23.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Power supply for domestic gas boilers from inverters with modified sinusoid
The article discusses the features of powering domestic gas boilers from autonomous power sources based on inverters with a modified sine wave. The electrical characteristics of such inverters and their impact on the operation of the main components of modern boilers are analyzed: circulation pumps, fans, electronic control boards, and ignition systems. The risks of using non-sinusoidal voltage are identified, in particular, increased heating of electric motors, incorrect operation of sensors and automation units, and increased electromagnetic interference. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the output voltage waveform of an inverter with a modified sine wave on the start-up and stable operation modes of domestic gas boilers, as well as to determine the effectiveness of using a filter to reduce higher harmonic components and to justify the admissibility of using such a backup power source. An analysis of the output voltage of an inverter with a modified sine wave was performed using an inductive filter of higher harmonics from the standpoint of reducing higher harmonic components in the voltage curve, by simulating this process using the EWB 32 electronic workbench application. The feasibility of using inverters with a modified sine wave to ensure stable and safe operation of gas boilers in conditions of power supply interruptions was substantiated. Practical recommendations for the selection and operation of backup power supply systems in domestic conditions were proposed. The proposed method of using an inverter with a modified sine wave and an additional induction filter has advantages over existing methods. It allows the use of inexpensive inverters to power domestic gas boilers, ensuring energy efficiency and reliability of their operation. Recieved: 15.01.2026. Recieved: 19.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Development and research of an electrical control system for the electric drive of a cascade pumping unit
The paper presents the results of a study of an automated control system for a cascade pumping unit with variable-frequency electric drive control aimed at improving the energy efficiency of water supply systems. The proposed system is focused on increasing energy efficiency and optimizing hydraulic processes in water supply networks with variable flow rates. An automatic control algorithm has been developed that ensures pipeline pressure stabilization by continuous adjustment of the electric motor rotational speed in accordance with the current pressure value obtained from a pressure sensor. Special attention is paid to the cascade pump control principle, which enables effective coordination of pump operation with actual water consumption. Under low-load conditions, the required network pressure is provided by the operation of a single pump with adjustable speed, while the additional pump is automatically disconnected. This approach eliminates idle and low-efficiency operating modes, significantly reduces energy consumption, and decreases equipment wear by reducing the number of starts and prolonged operation at partial load. An experimental study of the energy and operating characteristics of a cascade pumping unit consisting of two induction motor drives with different rated parameters has been carried out. Control was implemented using variable-frequency regulation, which provides smooth adjustment of system flow rate and pressure depending on hydraulic load conditions. During the experiments, relationships between changes in consumed current, pressure, and rotational speed were obtained for various operating modes involving one or two pumps within the cascade system. Based on simulation modeling and experimental verification, quantitative relationships describing the influence of variable-frequency control on flow formation and pressure stability in the network were established. It is shown that the use of a frequency converter ensures system adaptability to dynamic load variations, reduces electrical energy losses, decreases starting stresses on electric drives, and generally enhances the reliability of pumping infrastructure operation. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The obtained results have practical significance for the design of new and the modernization of existing water supply and irrigation systems, enabling improved energy performance, extended equipment service life, and higher quality of technological parameter control<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Recieved: 29.12.2025. Recieved: 01.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Potential loss as a criterion for the selection of electrical equipment diagnostic and protection systems
Solutions aimed at ensuring safety and minimizing losses, implemented in both operating and newly developed protection systems for power equipment, require the improvement of existing loss calculation methodologies, the justification of new performance indicators, cost analysis, and the assessment of the consequences of poor power quality. When selecting diagnostic and protection means for power equipment, the situation is not entirely unambiguous or definite. A wide range of alternative protection systems and devices may be considered, each of which can be regarded as technically justified. The substantiation of new decision-making criteria for the selection of protection systems, diagnostics, and the forecasting of accident development is one of the key directions in identifying pre-emergency states and in the development of relay protection systems for electrical equipment. This paper considers the issues of selecting the structural components of relay protection systems based on a justified criterion of potential damage. A multilevel system for diagnostics and protection of electrical equipment is proposed. The developed system enables the design of relay protection schemes and the identification of damage types depending on the probable emergency condition of electrical equipment and the expected level of losses. Recieved: 14.01.2026. Recieved: 16.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Improvement of the efficiency of vertical-axis wind turbines using a wind flow concentrator
The relevance of the study is driven by the necessity to enhance energy efficiency and improve the start-up characteristics of autonomous power generation systems, particularly vertical-axis wind turbines, in low-potential wind flow conditions (3–5 m/s) typical for most regions of Ukraine. The purpose and objectives of the research consist in the development and investigation of a stationary aerodynamic wind flow concentrator of the confuser type to lower the self-starting threshold and increase the output power of the wind generator. The research methods are based on experimental modeling of a modified electromechanical system (Savonius rotor with a PMG-20 generator) in a subsonic wind tunnel under an active electrical load of 230 Ω. The research results demonstrated that the application of guide vanes enables the implementation of the Venturi effect, providing local air acceleration on the working blades and shielding of the blades moving against the wind. A 30% reduction in the self-starting speed threshold (from 2.7 m/s to 1.9 m/s) was experimentally confirmed. It was established that at a wind speed of 4.0 m/s, the output electrical power increases by 3.6 times compared to the baseline rotor configuration. Conclusions: the application of the developed aerodynamic concentrator design is an effective scientific and technical solution for expanding the operating range and improving the generation stability of low-power vertical-axis wind turbines. Recieved: 28.01.2026. Recieved: 21.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Research of microflame low-emission natural gas combustion technology adapted for chinese-type power boilers
The relevance of the study is обусловлена the need to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions during natural gas combustion in thermal power installations and to improve the energy and environmental efficiency of gas-fired equipment. The implementation of low-emission combustion technologies capable of ensuring stable fuel combustion with minimal pollutant formation is of particular importance. The aim of the study is to investigate the processes of microflame low-emission natural gas combustion and to evaluate the efficiency of a high-velocity jet burner in reducing NOx formation, equalizing the temperature field, and improving the environmental characteristics of the combustion process. To achieve this goal, numerical CFD simulation of combustion processes was carried out in the ANSYS Fluent software environment using the RANS approach and the standard k–ε turbulence model. The influence of burner geometric parameters and excess air ratio on the temperature regime and NOx formation processes was investigated. Experimental studies of a 200 kW microflame burner were performed using a GASMET DX4000 gas analyzer. It was established that the proposed burner design ensures the formation of multiple microflames, intensifies fuel-air mixing, and provides a more uniform temperature distribution in the combustion chamber. It was determined that the most efficient operating mode is achieved with an air channel diameter of 16 mm and an excess air ratio of α ≈ 1.4. The obtained results showed that the NOx concentration in combustion products does not exceed 50 mg/m³, which complies with current requirements for low-emission combustion technologies. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed microflame burners for modernization of existing thermal engineering installations and improvement of the environmental safety of natural gas combustion processes. Recieved: 03.01.2026. Recieved: 09.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Research of energy consumption of livestock complexes using methods of systematic bioenergy analysis
Solving the food problem in Ukraine is impossible without further increasing the production of livestock products, and, consequently, the construction of new, reconstruction and improvement of the efficiency of operation of existing livestock complexes with industrial technology and a high level of electrification and automation of production processes. Considering agriculture as a system where the conversion and accumulation of solar and other types of energy into food takes place using plants and animals, the problem of energy efficiency of agricultural production must be solved on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of energy consumption not only within each sphere, but also the entire energy flow of the agricultural complex. The constant growth of energy resource consumption with a simultaneous decrease in their supply, unjustifiably large and irrational consumption of electricity, fuel and feed, characteristic of many branches of agriculture and, above all, animal husbandry, a significant increase in the cost of energy resources and other reasons have determined the importance and relevance of energy-saving policy. Increasing the level of rational use of energy resources in agricultural production is of great importance and is characterized by significant savings in material and energy resources. Thus, saving only 1% of energy resources in Ukrainian agriculture is equivalent to saving 8700 GJ per year. Therefore, the task of optimal management of energy consumption in agriculture should be considered as an alternative to the development of generating capacities. System bioenergy analysis significantly exceeds the capabilities of technical and economic analysis to identify reserves of saving fossil energy resources. If in the process of conducting a technical and economic analysis, shortcomings and their causes are identified, then the result of a system analysis is the search for specific ways to eliminate these shortcomings and increase the efficiency of the functioning of the object under study. Recieved: 02.02.2026. Recieved: 26.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Using the automationml ar apc recommendation for integration of engineering tools in the control system lifecycle
Automation of software creation is possible when frameworks are available, one of which is PACFramework. However, automation tools require consistency with computer-aided engineering systems, which implies automated data import and export. Therefore, neutral data representation models are increasingly used to ensure interoperability between engineering tools. One of the standards designed for engineering data exchange in industrial automation is AutomationML. In particular, the AutomationML Application Recommendation Automation Project Configuration (AR APC) defines a model for representing the hardware configuration of automation systems. This paper investigates the applicability of the AR APC recommendation as a format for representing hardware configuration and master data in the lifecycle of industrial control systems. The study is carried out in the context of the PFw2 lifecycle architecture, where master data are considered a central element for the integration of engineering tools. The structure of the AR APC model is analyzed with respect to its capability to represent devices, modules, channels, and process variables. Based on this analysis, the correspondence between AR APC elements and the lower levels of the PFw2 control model is examined. The results show that the AR APC model fully covers the Channels sublevel and partially covers the Process Variables sublevel in the hierarchy of the control model. Therefore, the model can be used as a basis for representing lower-level master data and for integrating engineering tools used in the lifecycle of industrial control systems. The results demonstrate the potential of using AutomationML AR APC to ensure consistent engineering data exchange between different engineering environments. Recieved: 27.12.2025. Recieved: 19.02.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
On the priority use of reactive power compensation devices
The analysis of the results of research by scientists on reactive power compensation in the distribution networks of the distribution system operator (DSO) and in the networks of powerful electricity consumers using synchronous motors, which are a common element of electric drives in the technological processes of a number of enterprises, is presented. The author's comments on the formulation and solution of the tasks of reactive power compensation (RPC) in electrical networks using synchronous motors (SMs) are given. Therefore, it is relevant to determine the limits of the technical and economic characteristics of SMs for their use together with low-voltage capacitor units (LVCU) for RCS in electrical networks of industrial enterprises. The influence of the operating mode of the enterprise and the parameters of the SMs on the economic feasibility of their use for reactive power compensation is studied. The values ​​of the relative economic reactive load of the SMs and the influence of the speed characteristics of the SMs, operating modes of enterprises and the parameters of the electrical network with connected SMs and VCs on its value are obtained. Recieved: 23.01.2026. Recieved: 25.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) and embodied carbon in energy and heat supply systems
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the key tools for evaluating the environmental performance of energy and heating systems in the context of global decarbonization. In the context of the transition to highly efficient and renewable energy sources, it is becoming increasingly important to assess not only operational emissions, but also embodied carbon associated with the production, transportation, installation, maintenance, and disposal of materials and equipment. The purpose of the article is to summarize current scientific and methodological approaches to the application of LCA for heat supply, energy supply, and building engineering systems, as well as to analyze the role of embodied carbon in shaping the total environmental impact throughout the life cycle. Special attention is paid to methodological features of determining system boundaries, functional units, and interpreting LCA results. The research methods are based on a systematic analysis of international standards, scientific publications, and industry reports on LCA, whole-life carbon, and the assessment of environmental performance of energy systems. Approaches to assessing centralized heat supply, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, as well as technologies using renewable energy sources, are analyzed. Along with global warming potential, indicators such as primary energy consumption, natural resource use, water footprint, waste generation, acidification potential, and eutrophication potential are considered. The results of the generalization show that with a decrease in operational emissions, the share of embodied carbon in the total environmental impact increases and can constitute a significant part of the total life cycle of energy systems. The conclusions can be used as a methodological basis for improving approaches to the design, modernization, and strategic planning of energy infrastructure decarbonization. Recieved: 03.01.2026. Recieved: 15.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
Temperature modes of the active combustion zone of microjet burners with multi-row fuel supply
The research objective is to study temperature conditions in stabilizer-type burners with a three-row fuel supply system, designed for operation at excess air ratios of 1.1 to 1.5. The study was conducted using CFD modeling with the RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) approach. The main principles of heat transfer in the microjet burners under consideration were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to the impact of the design and operating parameters of the burner system on various thermal characteristics. Results of CFD modeling of temperature fields in the active combustion zone were obtained when fuel gas was supplied to different rows of gas supply holes. The presented data from the computational studies indicate that the temperature fields differ significantly depending on the row number of the fuel gas supply hole. The results of computational experiments on the fields of root-mean-square temperature pulsations when fuel was supplied to different rows of gas supply holes are presented. Particular attention is paid to analyzing the thermal state of the recirculation zone behind the flame stabilizer. According to the data obtained, extreme temperatures in the recirculation zone occur for the three fuel supply situations considered. Patterns in the temperature non-uniformity coefficient variation along the channel length are examined. It is shown that the highest values ​​of this coefficient are observed when fuel is supplied to the third section, and the lowest values are observed in the first section. A relatively sharp decrease in the temperature non-uniformity coefficient occurs in the zone located near the end of the stabilizer. The data from these studies can be used in energy engineering practice for the design and modernization of burner devices operating with variable excess air coefficient values and variable thermal performance of heat and power equipment. Recieved: 17.01.2026. Recieved: 05.03.2026. Accepted: 17.04.2026.
The use of biomass as a factor for increasing the energy-ecological efficiency of boiler plants and ensuring energy sustainability in conditions of martial law
The disruption of energy infrastructure functioning in Ukraine under martial law exacerbates the problem of ensuring reliable heat supply. The dependence of boiler plants on natural gas reduces their resilience to crisis impacts, highlighting the need to transition to alternative and locally available energy sources, particularly biomass. The aim of this article is to assess the potential of using biomass to enhance the energy and environmental efficiency of boiler plants and ensure their energy resilience. To achieve this goal, the study focuses on identifying key characteristics of biofuels, evaluating their impact on boiler performance, and substantiating the feasibility of implementing bioenergy solutions based on international experience. The study employs a comparative analysis of the characteristics of natural gas and various types of biomasses, a systems approach to considering boiler plants as integrated energy-technological systems, calculation methods for assessing thermal and economic performance indicators, as well as elements of experimental analysis of fuel composition and generalization of foreign experience. It has been established that using biomass contributes to increasing the energy autonomy of boiler plants and reducing the cost of heat production compared to natural gas. The efficiency of biofuel boiler operations depends on the consistency of their technological components and the consideration of fuel properties. The feasibility of using wood pellets and torrefied biomass for medium-capacity boiler plants is substantiated, while agro-biomass requires accounting for corrosion and slagging risks. The adaptation of European bioenergy models to domestic conditions is demonstrated. The use of biomass is an effective approach to improving the energy-environmental efficiency and resilience of heat supply systems under martial law. Transitioning to biofuels ensures diversification of energy sources, reduces dependence on imported resources, and promotes the development of local fuel markets. Implementing this approach requires a comprehensive consideration of technical, economic, and resource factors. Recieved 2025-11-21 Recieved 2026-01-21 Accepted 2026-02-11
Mathematical modeling of dynamic characteristics of rotary-blades wind power installations under stochastic wind loading conditions
The integration of rotary-blades wind power installations into modern energy systems is becoming increasingly important due to the rapid growth of the share of renewable energy sources. At the same time, the operation of wind power installations is significantly different from traditional sources of generation, as their performance directly depends on the speed and direction of the wind, which are random in nature. This leads to significant fluctuations in the mechanical and electrical parameters of the system, complicates the process of regulating the frequency and active power of the generator, and creates increased requirements for the stability of the power system as a whole. The purpose of the study is to develop a mathematical model of a rotary-blade wind power installation taking into account stochastic wind load for analyzing the dynamics of the installation and tuning the wind generator frequency control algorithms. Mathematical modeling is based on equations of rotational motion of the rotor and wind wheel, described through torque and moment of resistance forces, as well as on equations of air flow motion, taking into account turbulence and random changes in speed and direction. For the digital implementation of control algorithms, discretization of equations and recurrence relations for the rotor angular velocity and blade orientation angle are used. A simplified representation of torque and resistance in the form of polynomial dependencies provides sufficient accuracy with minimal computational costs and allows for effective testing of control algorithms in real time. The proposed model adequately reproduces the dynamic characteristics of the installation, takes into account stochastic wind factors, and allows for the implementation of digital control systems with high blade orientation accuracy. The use of the model ensures increased stability and efficiency of rotary-blade wind power installations in real operating conditions, guarantees reliable electricity production under variable weather conditions, and preserves the key dynamic properties of the system with minimal resource consumption. Recieved 2025-12-07 Recieved 2026-02-02 Accepted 2026-02-11
Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning in the path planning problem
This work is devoted to multi-agent deep reinforcement learning in the path planning problem. The use of UAV swarms in precision agriculture is justified. It is shown that for the use of drone swarms it is necessary to apply artificial intelligence, in particular reinforcement learning. The task of path planning in the presence of poor quality or absence of GPS navigation is set. The use of the Multi-Agent Proximal Policy Optimization method is proposed. The results obtained showed high quality of path planning in the presence of obstacles and poor quality or absence of GPS navigation. Recieved 2025-12-27 Recieved 2026-02-02 Accepted 2026-02-11
Synthesis of an adaptive control system for municipal outdoor lighting based on multicriteria optimization
The paper addresses the urgent problem of increasing energy efficiency in municipal outdoor lighting systems, which often operate with excessive power margins. The study aims to enhance the energy efficiency and operational quality of street lighting systems by improving a control system that accounts for natural light levels, luminous flux uniformity indicators, and equipment service life. A mathematical model of the spatial light field distribution has been developed, and the automatic lighting level control problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization task. To find a compromise solution between minimizing energy consumption and maximizing both lighting uniformity and equipment resource, the method of approaching the "ideal (utopian) point" in the criteria space using the Chebyshev metric was applied. Numerical simulation for a typical highway section confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It was established that the adaptive system provides a reduction in power consumption by 27.9% (from 600 W to 432.6 W) compared to traditional timer-based systems. Savings are achieved by compensating for the natural background and eliminating the technological lighting margin — reducing the minimum level from 20.02 lx to the standardized 15.00 lx. Simultaneously, longitudinal uniformity is increased from 0.778 to 0.790, and the predicted service life of the luminaires is nearly doubled (up to 100,000 hours) due to reduced thermal load. The implementation of this method enables the creation of Smart City class systems that adapt to real-world visibility conditions, guaranteeing traffic safety at minimal operational costs. Recieved 2025-11-07 Recieved 2026-01-05 Accepted 2026-02-11
Influence of the specific heat capacity of the raw material fermented in a biogas reactor on the heat distribution
Every year, the use of biogas technologies gives impetus to the development of new methods of handling accumulated waste from agricultural and household facilities. Therefore, the current issue is to reduce energy costs for maintaining the microclimate of fermentation, with the maximum possible formation of biogas from a certain type of raw material. Physico-chemical parameters have a significant impact on the fermentation of raw materials and energy costs. The purpose of the work is to analyze the impact of the specific heat capacity of the raw material fermented in a biogas reactor on the change in the Prandtl criterion and energy costs for heating. The results of theoretical studies are presented, during which the impact of the range of specific heat capacity of raw materials from 1000 to 4000 J/(kg 0C) on energy costs was analyzed The result is graphical dependences that describe the change in the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer from the heating device to the raw material, the change in the Prandtl and Reynolds criteria depending on the change in the specific heat capacity of the raw material and the speed of rotation of the mixing device. The percentage change in the Reynolds criterion, heat transfer coefficients and heat transfer when changing the speed of rotation of the mixing device is established. It is established that the change in the Prandtl criterion depending on the change in the specific heat capacity of the raw material occurs according to a linear law. The use of the obtained results in combination with previous studies concerning the influence of physicochemical parameters on energy consumption gives an impetus towards establishing a rational speed of rotation of the mixing device from the point of view of energy consumption. Recieved 2025-11-27 Recieved 2026-01-19 Accepted 2026-02-11
Smart campus: implementation of energy innovations in the educational environment
The article considers approaches to increasing the energy efficiency of higher education institutions in the context of digitalization using the example of the implementation of the Smart Campus concept at the National University of Life Resources and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. The main attention is paid to the use of automated energy monitoring systems that provide continuous control of electricity and heat consumption in real time. The possibilities of using the collected data for modeling and forecasting energy consumption, taking into account technical, climatic and behavioral factors, are analyzed. It is shown that the integration of digital tools allows you to identify inefficient operating modes of engineering systems, optimize loads and reduce energy consumption. The results of studies of the dynamics of energy consumption in educational buildings and dormitories are presented, which demonstrate the adaptability of the system to changes in operating conditions and user stay modes. The effectiveness of the use of analytical and predictive models to improve the quality of energy management and reduce energy and financial risks is substantiated. It was established that the implementation of energy monitoring systems contributes to reducing energy consumption, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and forming a culture of rational use of resources. The educational and scientific value of the system as a tool for training specialists in the field of energy management and digital energy technologies is also emphasized. Recieved 2025-11-17 Recieved 2026-01-09 Accepted 2026-02-11
Concept of construction of the electrical complex for monitoring and regulation of the biogas reactor operation mode
This article focuses on improving the operational efficiency of existing biogas plants through the implementation of an electrical system based on a submersible multifunctional electromechanical converter (PEMC). The aim of the study is to develop a concept for a system to monitor and regulate the operating mode of a biogas reactor. The system combines active thermomechanical and electromagnetic effects on the substrate with distributed intelligent monitoring. The system’s architecture is based on the synergistic interaction of two functional subsystems: the PEMP—an actuator located directly within the reactor’s working volume that provides simultaneous mixing, heating, and magnetization of the substrate, spatial temperature monitoring, rotation speed control, and, if necessary, the intensity of the magnetic field in the external rotor array; a device for automatic parameter control—a measurement module that provides periodic, high-precision monitoring of physicochemical parameters (pH, Redox, density, O2, NH3, H2 content, etc.) with an automatic maintenance function (cleaning and calibration) for the sensors. This allows for the transition to comprehensive fermentation control, where thermal and mechanical flows are formed adaptively to the state of the medium. To evaluate the dynamic properties of the rotary transformer, a series of measurements was conducted on an experimental sample while varying the frequency of the input P-wave signal. It was found that the most balanced parameters were observed at 2 kHz: sufficient induced voltage and moderate short-circuit current. Future development prospects include linking the assessment of the methanogenesis process not only to the influence on the substrate through changes in operating parameters inside the bioreactor, but also to the conditions affecting the pretreatment of raw materials (primarily lignin-containing ones). Recieved 2025-12-01 Recieved 2026-01-21 Accepted 2026-02-11
Mathematical model of electricity consumption by enterprises of the chernihiv region
The article examines the dynamics of electricity consumption by enterprises in Chernihiv Oblast and presents a forecast of electricity consumption for 2026. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the efficiency of energy resource management in enterprises under conditions of economic instability caused by the full-scale war in Ukraine and the global energy crisis. Therefore, issues of energy consumption planning, ensuring the continuity of production processes, and improving energy efficiency are becoming particularly important for the stable functioning of the regional economy of Chernihiv Oblast. The aim of this study is to develop a mathematical model and forecast electricity consumption by enterprises in Chernihiv Oblast based on statistical data for the period 2016–2024. Official data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on electricity consumption for production, operational, and business needs of enterprises, excluding electricity supplied to households, were used in this study. Methods of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis implemented in Microsoft Excel were applied. As a result of the correlation field analysis, several types of regression models were considered. The cubic polynomial function proved to be the most suitable, with a coefficient of determination R² = 0.9303, indicating a high level of agreement between the model and empirical data. Based on the constructed empirical polynomial model, a point forecast of electricity consumption for 2026 was obtained, amounting to 724,274 thousand kWh. The results of the study can be used for planning and improving the efficiency of energy resource management in Chernihiv Oblast. Future research prospects include extending the model by incorporating dominant influencing factors and applying machine learning methods. Recieved 2025-11-27 Recieved 2026-01-30 Accepted 2026-02-11
Contactless gesture-based control of smart agricultural devices
The purpose of this study is to develop a scientifically grounded approach to the design of ergonomic control systems for information models of agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles based on hand gesture recognition algorithms using modern computer vision and deep learning technologies. The proposed approach aims to improve the efficiency, accuracy, and usability of human–machine interaction in real-world agrodrone operation. The study applies system analysis methods to formalize the “user–device” interaction, as well as comparative analysis of modern software libraries and frameworks (MediaPipe, OpenCV, TensorFlow, PyTorch). Methods of deep learning, including convolutional neural networks, are used to solve hand gesture recognition tasks. Simulation modeling using Python is employed to test and validate the developed prototype. A methodology for designing an ergonomic gesture-based control system for agro-drones has been developed. It includes the formalization of the interaction model, justification of a gesture set based on ergonomic criteria, selection of software tools, and determination of neural network architecture parameters. An experimental prototype based on MediaPipe and Python has been implemented, providing real-time gesture recognition. Simulation testing using cursor control modeling was conducted to evaluate recognition accuracy and stability. The obtained results confirm the operability of the proposed approach and demonstrate its practical applicability for developing intuitive control interfaces for agro-drones. The proposed approach improves human–machine interaction efficiency through the use of natural gesture interfaces and adaptive recognition algorithms. The developed methodology can be applied not only to agro-drones but also to other smart devices. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of applying computer vision and neural networks for contactless control systems, opening prospects for further research in improving accuracy, robustness, and integration into real cyber-physical systems. Recieved 2025-11-20 Recieved 2026-02-01 Accepted 2026-02-11
Features of identification of grain thermal processing
The article considers the processes of heat and mass transfer during convective drying of grain material. The purpose of the work is to develop and identify a mathematical model of grain heating and drying kinetics, taking into account variable thermophysical properties of the material. As a basic model, a system of differential equations proposed by O.V. Lykov is used for a thin grain layer, considering the non-stationary nature of the process and the dependence of moisture diffusivity coefficients on the temperature and moisture content of the grain kernel. A simplified analytical relationship for the drying coefficient is proposed, which makes it possible to reduce the computational complexity of the analytical solution of the model without loss of accuracy. Model parameters were identified based on experimental data using the inverse problem method and the analytical solution of the proposed mathematical model. Empirical dependences of the model coefficients on the initial grain moisture content and the main operating parameters of the drying process were obtained. The results of numerical simulation using the model with identified variable coefficients show good agreement with experimental data, which is confirmed by a high value of the multiple correlation coefficient (R = 0.96–0.99). The proposed mathematical model with variable identified coefficients can be used to predict grain drying kinetics when determining rational operating modes of grain dryers and developing intelligent control systems aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of the process while maintaining grain quality. Recieved 2025-12-01 Recieved 2026-02-01 Accepted 2026-02-11
Influence of voltage deviation on the drive characteristics of working machines with dc motors of independent and parallel excitation at the torque of static supports linearly dependent on the angular velocity
Studies on the influence of voltage deviation and asymmetry on the technological and energy characteristics of working machines and mechanisms with an asynchronous electric drive have shown that when they deviate, productivity decreases and specific energy consumption increases. However, there are no studies on the influence of voltage deviation on DC electric drives. The purpose of the study is to establish the influence of voltage deviation in electric drives with DC motors of independent and parallel excitation on the technological and energy characteristics of working machines with a static resistance moment that depends linearly on the angular velocity. When the voltage deviates, the angular velocity of DC motors of independent and parallel excitation changes, which causes a change in the productivity of the working machine. In DC motors of independent and parallel excitation with a saturated magnetic system, the dependence of the productivity of the working machine on the voltage change is linear. When the voltage deviates, the constant and variable power losses change in the DC electric motor. It is proposed to conduct an energy assessment of a DC electric drive based on specific electricity consumption. The study of the influence of voltage deviation on the energy characteristics of working machines with a static resistance moment linearly dependent on angular velocity, which are driven by DC motors of independent and parallel excitation, was carried out. It was established that when the voltage decreases, the specific electricity consumption decreases. Recieved 2025-12-12 Recieved 2026-01-27 Accepted 2026-02-11
Ontology-based decision support system in entomophages production
The article explores the issue of developing a decision support system based on ontologys in the production of entomophages for the biologization of plant protection, which is due to the need to increase the efficiency of the management processes of this production. The use of ontologies makes it possible to generalize and systematize knowledge about the processes of entomophages production based on the results of previous research, technological experience of specialists, analysis of scientific papers, and modern software tools. The aim of the study is to develop a decision support system based on ontologies in the production of entomophages. Research methods – systemic and synergistic approaches, ontological engineering, machine learning, publicly available software environments Visual Understanding Environment and FreeMind, and the Scilab computer mathematics system. An analysis of recent research and publications on the creation of decision support systems based on ontologies was conducted. A decision support system based on ontologys in the production of entomophages has been developed, the structure of which is presented in the form of an associative map using the FreeMind software environment. The components of the system are the Visual Understanding Environment software environment; user interface; ontological knowledge base, which contains classes, concepts and built-in ontologies. System functions: decision-making support regarding the quality of entomological products and the level of technological controllability of production processes under conditions of uncertainty; automated analysis, structuring and digitalization of knowledge. The research results allow to increase the level of automation of processes for managing the production of entomophages and the competence of the decision-maker, and can be used in the creation of artificial intelligence systems in the production of biological plant protection products Recieved 2025-12-25 Recieved 2026-01-12 Accepted 2026-02-11
Substitution of the principles of balancing micro power systems with power deficit and consideration of consumer categories by using cyclic outage schedules
As a result of massive missile and drone attacks on the energy infrastructure, there is a power shortage in most regions of Ukraine, which causes emergency and stabilization outages. Under such conditions, it is important to effectively use the available energy potential to maintain the viability of regional energy systems, taking into account the power limit. The legislative and regulatory framework regulates the application of hourly and emergency outage schedules and power consumption restrictions, determining the priority of reliable power supply to critical infrastructure facilities. Connecting consumers of different priorities to common feeders of 6–10 kV consumer substations in real distribution networks significantly complicates dispatching management and requires substantiation of methods for optimizing power flow distribution under variable limits. The purpose of the study is to substantiate a mathematical model of power flow balancing taking into account the criticality of feeders based on cyclic outage schedules by using a mixed-integer model of power flow distribution in the three-level structure of the power island: transmission system operator - distribution system operator - feeders of consumer substations. The model determines the minimum duration of power supply of feeders depending on the load of consumers of the critical group, taking into account the power limit. Numerical modeling was performed for feeders of priority consumers with subsequent minimization of the total power moment as an indicator of flow distribution efficiency. The proposed approach ensures balancing of distribution micro-power systems taking into account the priority of consumers, minimizing electricity losses during network reconfiguration. The practical value of the approach is to determine irrational electricity flows taking into account the network capacity. Further research is related to modeling the balancing of micro-power systems taking into account stochastic regime data and the integration of decentralized sources. Recieved 2026-01-03 Recieved 2026-01-30 Accepted 2026-02-11
The heat recovery equipment features of the application in dusty gas flows
One of the problems hindering the widespread adoption of waste heat recovery systems at many fuel-consuming power and industrial facilities, including waste incineration plants, is the dustiness and aggressiveness of the exhaust gases. Improving fuel efficiency at these facilities is a very actual task. The purpose of the research is to develop efficient heat recovery equipment for waste incineration units and to determine its main structural and operational characteristics. Experimental and computational research methods were used. The results of a complex of these studies on the development of effective heat recovery equipment for dusty gases of fuel-consuming power plants are presented. The experimental research results on heat transfer during waste heat recovery of dusty gases from glass melting furnaces under the conditions of using different heat transfer surfaces were used. These surfaces consisted of steel panel packages constructed from pipes with membranes, finned cast-iron pipes bundles, and steel pipes bundles with annular flow turbulators. An analysis of the thermal efficiency, heat transfer coefficient, and thickness of dust deposits on panel packages was performed, and rational their cleaning intervals were determined. The research results indicate high thermal efficiency of panel surfaces. A technical solution for a panel air-heating heat recovery exchanger for heat recovery of exhaust gases from waste incineration plants has been developed. The heat recovery exchanger is characterized by high thermal efficiency, corrosion-resistant heat exchange surfaces, and the possibility to clean these surfaces of dust layer. Calculation studies of the proposed heat recovery exchanger efficiency in different its operation modes during the year were performed, namely: at different inlet exhaust gases temperatures and ambient, exhaust gas humidity, excess air ratio, dustiness level of the heat exchange surface, etc. The main operating characteristics of the heat recovery exchanger under different operating modes have been determined. In particular, it is shown that, under the conditions considered, its heating capacity value decreases by 1.2-1.4 times at the maximum dustiness level of the heat exchange surface. Recieved 2025-11-27 Recieved 2026-01-16 Accepted 2026-02-11
Technical implementation and study of an experimental stand of an autonomous power supply system with a switched reluctance generator at variable speed
An experimental stand of an autonomous power supply system based on a DC machine simulating a variable speed prime mover and a switched reluctance generator is considered. Generalized and complete structural diagrams of the experimental stand are presented. The operating principle of individual structural elements of the stand is described. The process of self-excitation of a generator from a residual flux is considered and an oscillogram of this process is presented, illustrating the nature of the change in the output DC voltage. Using the oscillogram of the phase current of the generator, the movement of energy in the electric machine – semiconductor converter system is considered. The operating characteristics of a switched reluctance generator were investigated. The experimental data confirm the possibility of using the stand as an autonomous power supply system at variable speed. Key words: DC motor, switched reluctance generator, generated power
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Research on the influence of the dynamic viscosity of raw material fermented in a biogas reactor on heat distribution
Biogas plants are becoming increasingly popular among industry and domestic consumers. This has led to increased interest in conducting research to increase the profitability of such plants. First of all, researchers are focusing their attention on creating systems that will satisfy the conditions for anaerobic digestion and at the same time consume a minimum amount of electrical energy for mixing and heating the substance. After all, for fermentation, raw materials with different physicochemical composition are used, which significantly affects energy costs. The aim of the work is to study the influence of the dynamic viscosity of the raw materials fermented in a biogas reactor on the change in the Reynolds criterion and heat transfer coefficients from the rotating heater to the raw materials. The article presents a mathematical model for conducting theoretical studies. The work considers the change in the dynamic viscosity of the substrate in the range from 0.01 to 0.1 Pa·s. It was found that when the dynamic viscosity of the raw material changes in the range from 0.01 to 0.1 Pa·s, the Reynolds criterion and heat transfer coefficients change according to an exponential law, which is confirmed by the graphical dependencies obtained during the research and presented in this work. The results obtained will further allow us to establish a rational rotation frequency of the mixing device combined with a heating device, taking into account the change in the dynamic viscosity of the raw material, to create and maintain a favorable microclimate for the anaerobic process with the maximum possible formation of biogas. Key words: reynolds criterion, energy consumption, heat transfer coefficient, dynamic viscosity of raw materials, fermentation, heat transfer coefficient, mixing
Mathematical modeling of the propagation of electroacoustic shear waves in a layered periodic medium “Piezoelectric - gap”
The paper developed a method for constructing dispersion relations for bulk, surface and normal electroelastic shear waves propagating in layered-periodic media formed by repeating a "generating" package consisting of a piezoelectric layer and a vacuum layer that does not have electrical properties. As a result of the analytical calculations, dispersion relations for surface, normal and bulk electroelastic shear waves were obtained. CdS was considered as a piezoelectric material. The obtained dispersion relations were numerically analyzed for different layer geometries and physical properties of materials forming the "generating" package. . Numerical analysis showed that a feature of the obtained bulk wave spectrum is that in the range of changes in the wave number and circular frequency, the zone boundaries do not intersect. The spectrum of normal waves is formed by a set of dispersion curves, which is localized in the zones of transmission of bulk waves except for one dispersion curve from the set. This curve is a dispersion curve for surface modes. The set of dispersion curves of normal modes consists of n curves (n is the number of electroelastic "generating" packages in the structure). The influence of the physical-mechanical and geometric parameters of the layers on the structure of the blocking and transmission zones has been studied, and the influence of the piezoelectric effect has also been investigated. Based on the approaches proposed in previous works, the problems of bulk, surface and normal electroelastic waves are reduced to the study of the properties of the transmission matrices of the "generating" package of layers, through the elements of which the desired dispersion relations are expressed. In the work, it was possible, using the condition of metallization on the outer surfaces of the package, to write the dispersion relations through the elements of the second-order matrices instead of the fourth, which made it possible to simplify the analysis of the dispersion equations. Key words: bulk, surface and normal shear waves, periodic layered structure, piezoelectric, layer with vacuum properties, transmission zones, blocking zones of bulk waves
Research installation for growing plants in a high voltage electric field and under various optical radiation
The study of the influence of high-intensity electric fields and various optical radiation on plant growth and development is a promising direction in agronomy and agroecology. The aim of this work is to develop and test an experimental setup that allows creating controlled conditions for growing plants under the influence of electric fields and optical radiation of various spectra. The setup consists of a system for creating high-intensity electric fields, LED light sources, a climate chamber, and a monitoring and data analysis system for recording growth parameters and physiological processes of plants. The main goal of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the influence of these factors on photosynthetic activity, growth rate and plant yield, as well as to determine the optimal parameters for stimulating their development. Experiments have shown that electric fields can significantly increase the growth rate of plants, and light spectra (red, blue, ultraviolet) affect the efficiency of photosynthesis and the development of the root system. In addition, the combined effect of electric fields and optical radiation helps to improve crop yield and plant resistance to stress factors such as diseases, pests and extreme climatic conditions. High-voltage electric fields also play an important role in stimulating plant growth. The effect of electric fields on biological objects is widely studied in various fields of science, in particular in agronomy. It has been established that electric fields can affect plant growth by stimulating ionic and electrochemical processes in cells, which improves the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. This opens up new opportunities for improving the quality and quantity of the crop. Key words: electrotechnological complex, energy efficiency, high-voltage electric field, automation