Энергосберегающие технологии охлажденияи хранения сельскохозяйственной продукции

Abstract

ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGY OF COOLING

AND STORAGE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

B.P. Korshunov, A.B. Korshunov

In order to increase productivity, the productivity of livestock and poultry, improving safety and processing of agricultural products as a basis for sustainable food security of the population and the release of the consumer of agricultural raw goods, must be widespread use of energy-saving technological processes based on the use of combined systems with additional electro-physical, chemical, biological and other vozdeyst-ditions for the product.

The purpose of research - analysis of energy-saving technologies, cooling and storage of agricultural products.

The results of research. Studies have shown that the use of natural cooling in the AIC is one of the most effective ways to reduce energy consumption during production, cooling and storage of agricultural products. For this reason, research on the practical development of one of the largest renewable capital of the planet - a natural cooling is necessary to pay great attention.

Tests and commercial operation of cooling systems and store-of using natural cooling, developed by the Institute for the different regions have also shown that these systems appropriate to apply throughout the year almost throughout the country. They may be one of the main means of cooling and to ensure the safety of agricultural products directly at the point of production. The use of natural cooling will allow 3 ... 10 times (depending on the operating season) to reduce specific energy consumption for cooling and storage and provide high-quality food and bioproducts.

One of the main areas of efficient use of natural cold-tion is the development and use of groundwater cooling termoustanovok (GTU).

VIESH together with VNIIGAZ developed self-regulating groundwater termoustanovki vapor-liquid type of soil and ice batteries natural cold for cooling and storage of agricultural products in seasonal and annual cycles, as well as their use on livestock farms in the northern and central regions of the country. Groundwater cooling termoustanovki of this type are included in the job automatically when the ambient air temperatures below the soil temperature in the zone of the location of the evaporative cooling of the ground in the soil environment termoustanovok or heating water. This type of installation does not require energy resou-cal and operating costs and ongoing maintenance person-la.

Groundwater cooling termoustanovki Use of this type can-vatsya and freezing walls buried ovoschekartofelehranilisch, ice storage and accumulation of ice in the field, preventing the surrounding soil thawing mass-Ziba.

One of the most effective ways to reduce energy costs and improve the environmental cleanliness of technological process of cooling and storage of agricultural production is the use of freon-free energy-saving settings, which can become a significant alternative source of technological cold.

The main Freonless settings include: installation Este-governmental cold, vacuum evaporation plant and thermoelectric refrigeration systems operating on the basis of the Peltier effect.

Also in recent years vacuum technology in combination with a natural cold began to be applied for the production of water ice and ldovodyanyh solutions that can be used: for processing of fish and seafood - for their gentle cooling after production before entering the market; in agriculture - for cooling of milk, fruits and vegetables; in the baking industry - for cooling of the test; at meat processing plants - in order to prevent heating in the process of cutting stuffing; in air conditioning and others.

For cooling products in combination with the natural cold applied and thermoelectric plants operating on the basis of the Peltier effect - isolation or absorption of heat at the junction of two dissimilar conductors, depending on the direction of the electric current flowing through the contact.

The studies were carried out mainly on the development of domestic thermo-electric storage (the oven), providing reduction of losses of food in the household. One of the promising areas to reduce electricity costs is the use of natural cooling and integrated thermoelectric device, not only for cooling the product, but also for its heating, which is the defining mode when creating compact, high-performance sets pasteurization, cooling equipment for processing of liquid food products. As shown by studies conducted in conjunction with VIESH MSAU them. VP Fever-on, power consumption is reduced by 30 ... 40%.

The main directions of improvement of storage technologies in order to minimize losses, maintain a high quality and cost reduction are razra¬botka and application of new engineering solutions for the creation and maintenance of a specified temperature and humidity conditions in plodoovoschehranilischah.

In addressing this issue have a certain value of IP-VIESH investigations staff for the development of electrical systems for potato storage in an automatic mode with minimal natural decrease. A control system of temperature and humidity potato storage mode, lies in the fact that by stepping measuring self-warming rate of the mound products set the storage temperature, ensures minimum natural decrease and controlled condensate occurrence that helps prevent loss of condensed moisture on stored product surface and increase the safety, quality and 25 ... 30% reduction in energy consumption for fan drive.

In VIESH also conducted research on the development of the combined methods of primary processing and storage / agricultural products, which would be combined with the optimization of temperature-humidity storage mode provides reduced losses.

Research is being conducted to create an automated electro-optical system bioecological evaluation of the quality of seeds and agrosyrya. With the help of the developed algorithms convert color images and optical characteristics of the evaluation will be carried out bio-ecological seeds reactions (temperature, light, illness, injury and other stress factors), assessment of the varietal characteristics, the quality of diagnosis and prediction of changes in the parameters in the process of storage of agricultural products.

In the course of these studies we investigated the effect of corona discharge field of potatoes. So, if the tubers before storage process in the field of corona discharge, then they formed growth inhibitors, which dramatically reduces the respiration rate of the tuber, so tubers are best stored. In this case, the surface and further treated with ozone, which is formed in the interelectrode space and an active antiseptic.

In VIESH together with VNIISSOK, work on research-niju process microcurrent effects on plant tissues, providing the necessary diagnosis of the potatoes and carrots in storage as a result of which was developed by a set of equipment to improve the safety of seed and ware potatoes at the bulk storage method using micro-stabilization (MKTC). The effect is achieved by increasing the stability of plant tissues by passing a weak constant stabilized electrical microcurrent through the stored pro-ucts.

The equipment is formed by a modular principle. The module includes a micro-current generator-alarm status of products with independent power supply, switching device, cables, electrodes and is designed to close or part of the storage capacity of up to 100 m. When storing the large masses of products corresponding to the number of modules installed. The power consumed by a single module - 5W.

The modular concept makes it possible to form a hybrid and energy-efficient systems for cooling and storage of any agricultural products using natural cold, vacuum, and other electro influences with the required parameters and characteristics of virtually all agricultural projects with a potential extension of their functionality when changing tasks. This significantly simplifies the calculation and quantification of individual units and the production line as a whole and thereby dramatically reduces the complexity of the search for optimal solutions.

Сonclusions

The proposed classification of energy saving technologies cooling-tion and storage with / agricultural production, taking into account developed in the Institute of tech-cal products based on the use of natural cooling, vacuum and electrical influences allow to justify the selection of the most effective ways to store and to ensure equipment and systems at the lowest energy consumption criteria losses and conservation of products of high quality.