Land Management, Cadastre and Land Monitoring
“Land Management, Cadastre and Land Monitoring” is a professional, peer-reviewed scholarly journal that publishes cutting-edge research in the fields of land relations, land management, cadastre, land monitoring, land-use economics, and related interdisciplinary areas. We serve researchers, practitioners, and the policy and governance community who require evidence-based solutions, reproducible methods, and analytics capable of shaping contemporary policy and practice in the management of land resources. Scope and Focus The journal considers manuscripts that report original scientific results with clearly described methods, sound statistical/econometric data processing, and conclusions of theoretical and applied value. Priority is given to studies that: propose new approaches, models, methodologies, and tools in land management and cadastre; elucidate the economics and institutional architecture of land use and land markets; analyse land policy, regulation, and governance (in national and international contexts); employ spatial data, GIS/remote sensing, monitoring, and the assessment of land-use quality and change; address sustainable development, ecosystem services, soil degradation, risks, and adaptation. We welcome both empirical research and methodological/synthesising papers that set the agenda and raise standards of evidence in the field.
Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України
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Model-driven software engineering methodology in the framework approach
The research of the “Framework Approach to Handling with (Hierarchical) Spatial Information Systems (SpIS)”, hereinafter referred to as the Framework Approach, was continued. Prior to this, the entities of the Framework Approach, which relate to the upper echelons of its epistemological hierarchy, were considered. Namely, to (the title of the article corresponding echelon is given in quotes “…”): 1) the first echelon – “Framework Approach as a Strategy for Research and Design of Complex SpIS (on the Example of NGDI)”; 2) again the first echelon – “Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) as a Generalized Methodology of the Framework Approach for Handling SpIS”; 3) the second echelon – “Standardization of the MSF Agile Methodology using ISO/IEC 24744 standard”; 4) the third echelon – “On the Methodics of the Framework Approach to Creating SpIS Using Modern Microsoft Technologies”. Echelons unite groups of users of a modeling system. They correspond to strata of the same system. Three of the four mentioned articles use significantly the special knowledge about MSF and about modern information technologies (IT) of Microsoft. To reduce dependence on this knowledge, in this article we used “neutral” knowledge about software development methodologies. For this purpose, the so-called Model-Based Software Engineering (MBSE) is considered through the “framework prism”. The latter is Model-Based System Engineering (MBSysE) and, more generally, Model-Based Engineering (MBE). Their understanding is necessary to create our own methodology, which is called the Pattern-Based Spatial Engineering (PBSpE) methodology. PBSpE will include the methodics of extending the SpIS, which were mentioned in our works earlier. Moreover, these methodics have already been used by us in practice, sometimes without association with any methodology. It should be noted that our SpIS extension methodics are applied to constructions that are already structured as a result of using the so-called Atlas Solution Framework AtlasSF. Received: 09.12.2025; Accepted: 25.03.2026;
Geoinformation technologies for modeling the state of geosystems
Model-Driven Software Engineering (MDSE) methodology
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Factors affecting the circulation of agricultural land in Ukraine
The article substantiates the expediency of analysing the agricultural land market in Ukraine as a system in which market results (prices, transaction volumes, liquidity, transaction costs) are shaped by the simultaneous action of institutional and legal changes, economic conditions, the quality of land as natural capital, and spatial security risks in wartime. The aim is to classify the factors that determine demand, supply, price expectations and transaction costs, and to explain the mechanisms of their manifestation within the economy of natural resource use and good land governance. The methodology combines a systematic approach, comparative analysis, content analysis of scientific and analytical sources, as well as legal analysis of regulations on land circulation, cadastre, valuation and protection. The empirical context is supported by generalised quantitative indicators of market functioning in 2021–2025 (dynamics of weighted average prices, transaction intensity, ratio of market price to normative monetary valuation), as well as security risk parameters (scale of potential explosive contamination of territories). As a result, nine groups of factors (natural resources, economic, social, demographic, technological, cultural, legal, political and security) were identified and a logic for their operationalisation through channels of influence and a set of measurable indicators for land monitoring was proposed. The scientific novelty lies in the methodologically correct inclusion of soil condition parameters and war-related access restrictions/limitations as risk and cost components in factor analysis of the market with a focus on evidence-based management. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the proposed scheme to reduce information asymmetry, increase transaction transparency, and prioritise land protection and restoration measures at the national and local levels. Received: 28.02.2026; Accepted: 12.03.2026;
Axiology of Space as a Component of the Modern Theory of Land Use Organization: Value Regimes, Institutions, and Instruments of Spatial Order
The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive comparison of the two systems in terms of legal effectiveness, digitalization, and protection of property rights. The conclusions of the research can be used to improve the Ukrainian real estate registration model, integrate cadastral and registration processes, and enhance legal certainty, bringing it closer to European standards. The article reveals the axiology of space as a component of the modern theory of land management and as a methodological response to the widespread reduction of space to geometric extension or a resource. It is substantiated that land management decisions always have not only a metric and resource-related dimension, but also a value-normative dimension, since space is a bearer of economic, environmental, social, cultural, security-related, and legal meanings and an arena of their conflicts. The purpose of the study is to conceptualize the theoretical and methodological foundations of the axiology of space in land management, to describe the mechanism of transition from values to institutional and design decisions, and to build a conceptual model of “value regimes of space.” The methodological basis consists of a systematized review of relevant scientific and framework sources, a conceptual analysis of basic categories (value, regime, legitimacy, admissibility), and a typologization of regimes supplemented by operationalization through indicator-metrics suitable for land management analytics. A definition of a value regime is proposed as a stable configuration of priorities закрепленої in institutions and practices, and a typology of regimes is presented (utilitarian-economic; environmental-protective; socially just; cultural-identification; security-related/risk-oriented; legal/procedural) with applied manifestations in land management and a set of quantitative metrics. The problem of commensurability is considered separately: it is shown that the use of a single metric for optimization models is possible only with a transparent distinction between threshold constraints (inadmissibility) and compromise criteria (weighted optimization), which opens the possibility of correct use of mathematical methods and geographic information system modeling in the design of spatial decisions. The practical value of the article lies in forming a categorically and instrumentally coherent framework for substantiating land management decisions as management of the value of space and for increasing the transparency of reconciling “benefit / irreplaceability,” “private interest / common good,” “local / general.” Received: 19.02.2026; Accepted: 03.03.2026;
Ecological and economic determinants of agricultural land value in the de-occupied territories of brovary district
The article presents a comprehensive study aimed at the theoretical substantiation and assessment of ecological and economic determinants of agricultural land value formation in de-occupied territories (using the Brovary district of the Kyiv region as a case study). The relevance of the research is driven by the necessity for an objective evaluation of land assets directly affected by hostilities. To achieve the research objectives, a comparative analysis of market prices was conducted, contrasting the pre-war period (2021–2022) with the post-occupation period (2024–2025) based on secondary market data. The results of the analysis revealed a significant decrease in the average value of agricultural land. It was determined that different types of land use in this category experienced different decreases in value. Key ecological and economic factors that affect the change in the value of land were identified and substantiated, in particular, technogenic pollution as a result of military actions and changes in the structure of the offer market. The study also took into account the factor of the high cost of demining and, if necessary, reclamation of agricultural land. The results of the study emphasize the heterogeneity of the impact of war on different types of agricultural lands and indicate the need to develop comprehensive programs of restoration, reclamation and economic stimulation to increase the investment attractiveness of these territories. Received: 09.12.2025; Accepted: 18.03.2026
Land cadastre, land and real estate appraisal
Development of the land-based part of the detailed plan of the territory within the boundaries of the Irshan Village Council of the Korosten District of the Zhytomyr Region
The article analyzes the regulatory documents regulating the development of a detailed plan of the territory, in particular its land management part. The territory within which the research was conducted is characterized, regarding the location of land plots, their intended purpose, land categories, land rights, and the presence of restrictions on use. The research was conducted within the territory of the village of Irshansk, which mostly refers to residential and public development lands, which are characterized by an extensive network of engineering communications. It was established that within the DPT there are land plots, information about which is not entered into the database of the State Land Cadastre. Among those registered in the database of the State Land Cadastre are public use territories (streets, driveways, green zones of plantations), land plots for estate development, and areas for the construction and maintenance of commercial buildings. Based on the results of office processing of the topographic survey, the boundaries of restrictions on land use were established and shown on cartographic materials, and the areas of land plots subject to restrictions were also calculated. Among the latter: a protection zone around (along) a communication facility, protection zones around (along) an energy system facility, protection zones around engineering communications, territories in red lines; there is also a sanitary protection zone around an industrial facility; which justifies the change in the purpose of the land plot of interest and the category of land within the DPT from industrial land to residential and public development land, namely the location of a shopping center. Discrepancies were also identified in the existing state of land plots and data entered about the plots in the State Land Cadastre. In particular, the complete absence of existing restrictions in the cadastral database within the formed plots was established. Data from research materials within the DPT territory were highlighted. The scheme of work was justified on a specific example, which includes: a detailed study of current legislative and regulatory documents for the development of the DPT and the registration of its results; performing a topographic survey of the area and office processing of measurements; formation of textual and planning and cartographic materials that reflect the initial state of the research area and the results of design decisions. Received: 31.01.2026; Accepted: 17.02.2026;
Connecting the arcs of two circular curves in the design and reconstruction of highways
The safety and conditions of road transport traffic significantly depend on the influence of curved sections. For practical use, methods for designing horizontal curves are constantly being improved. At present, there are no simple and reliable methods for designing transition curves for connecting two one-way circular curves in scientific publications. Existing methods for finding optimal transition curves use iterative processes and specially developed software products. Therefore, improving the methodology for solving the problem of connecting circular curves is of practical importance. The paper considers the main options for forming curved sections with two circular curves - connecting by straight inserts, arcs of circles of larger radius and clothoids, as well as searching for a clothoid that is common to two circular curves and ensures the preservation of their centers. It is proved that with a known position of the centers and arcs of circular curves of given radii , the search for the optimal clothoid can be performed by the standard function "Solution Search" of the " Microsoft" menu. Excel ". Possible options for the location of the extreme points of the clothoid on existing or designed circular curves are given by the directional angles between the centers of the curves and the starting and ending points of the circular curves. Examples of calculations of direct inserts and clothoids for connecting two circular curves are given. Received: 02.02.2026; Accepted: 17.02.2026;
Geodetic support in the construction of residential, industrial and transport facilities
Theoretical foundations of institutional change in land management under conditions of Ukraine’s European integration, the legal regime of martial law, and for the purposes of post-war recovery
The transformation of Ukraine’s land legislation in connection with integration into the European Union is significantly complicated by the legal regime of martial law and requires, among other things, consideration of the tasks and priorities of the country’s post-war reconstruction. In this context, institutional changes are taking place aimed at improving land resources governance and mitigating the full range of risks in this sphere. However, these processes lack a unified methodological foundation, which threatens their overall success. This article is devoted to substantiating the theoretical foundations of institutional change in the field of land resource governance in accordance with the theory of change approach, using the Grassroots Development Framework and an integrated human rights-based approach, in particular the right of access to land. To identify the key points of institutional changes, the study involved the analysis of the main requirements of the European Union legislation concerning land, the examination of national land legislation and the impact of the legal regime of martial law on it, as well as the assessment of the needs and goals of post-war reconstruction. It is demonstrated that the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine significantly affects institutional changes and institutional support for land management, necessitating temporary adjustments to legal and organizational mechanisms for land resources governance. It is substantiated that, during post-war recovery, institutional changes in land management become critically important and fundamental for effective land resources governance and ensuring food, technological, economic security, and access to land. Major challenges include the restoration of destroyed infrastructure, demining, and the return of lands to productive use. Meanwhile, the design of a strategic agricultural development plan, aligned with European principles and the European Union Common Agricultural Policy, provides opportunities to improve the land management system. A robust and coherent theoretical and methodological framework for the institutional changes taking place in the field of land management and land resources governance in Ukraine will make it possible to plan transformations strategically, thereby aligning and monitoring objectives and outcomes at both the European Union and national levels, in the current period and in addressing post-war challenges related to land use and agricultural development. Keywords: land management, land resources governance, institutional changes, theory of change, European integration, martial law, post-war recovery, right to land, food security.
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Evaluation-oriented LADM profile and data integration architecture for mass appraisal
The article proposes an assessment-oriented national profile of the Land Administration Domain Model for Ukraine, which sets out a unified logic for integrating cadastral, legal, urban planning, and market information in a format suitable for mass assessment and taxation of real estate. The conceptual framework is based on the provisions of ISO 19152-1:2024 and ISO 19152-4:2025, and the subject area is structured in the form of a UML model with the definition of key entities and relationships between spatial units, legal statuses, and valuation results. To transition from disparate registries and cartographic materials to a coordinated “valuation-ready” dataset, an intermediate layer of semantic harmonization is justified, including unified identifiers, classifiers, and attribute normalization rules. A practical scenario for forming an MVP showcase for mass valuation with the fixation of data sources and quality control indicators (completeness of key fields, duplicates, spatial inconsistencies, price outliers) is described. The technological implementation of the profile is supported by an open stack of PostgreSQL/PostGIS, QGIS, and Python, which ensures the reproducibility of calculations, the auditability of decisions, and the possibility of scaling for the needs of communities and government agencies. The proposed approach forms the basis for conducting various types of assessments (regulatory, market, and mass) in a single information loop. Received: 15.12.2025; Accepted: 14.01.2026;
Towards a contemporary theory of land management
The article is devoted to the formation of the modern theory of land organisation as an independent fundamental scientific discipline through the systematic formulation of its subject and object, identification of leading theoretical models, articulation of the axiomatic basis, and organization of methodological tools capable of ensuring the transition from an ecosystem-technocratic understanding of space to its institutional-value comprehension. Building on a critical analysis of the international paradigm of land administration, Ukrainian doctrinal developments, institutional theory, property rights theory, and spatial economics, the object and subject matter of land organisation are clarified: the object is recognized as a multidimensional socio-spatial continuum in which territory is transformed into an ordered space of rights, restrictions, regimes, rents, and risks; the subject matter is the emergence, structure, and dynamics of spatial land-use regimes as a system of legal titles, servitudes (easements), zones, corridors, and reservations in multi-layer (surface–subsurface space–air column) and multi-temporal dimensions. An axiomatic core of the theory of contemporary land organisation is formulated. It is shown that land organisation methodology should include institutional analysis, theoretical-legal dogmatics of spatial regimes, spatial-economic modelling of rents, topological and network approaches, environmental accounting, geoinformation and algorithmic modelling, scenario analysis, and procedures of spatial justice. The core of the scientific problems of land organisation theory is generalized and systematized, the solution of which is a necessary precondition for the transition from fragmented normative-technical practice to institutionally mature spatial governance. The practical significance of the results lies in creating a conceptual framework for updating educational programmes, improving cadastral and planning systems, and developing standards for managing the value of space under conditions of digitalization and the growing role of spatial justice. Keywords: land organisation theory; spatial land-use regimes; boundaries and borders; spatial value; axiomatic framework of land organisation; land administration methodology; digital cadastre; institutional design; spatial governance.
axiomatic framework of land organisation
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Mobile LiDAR, geoinformation technologies and crowdsourcing for the documentation and preservation of cultural heritage objects in territorial communities
The article substantiates the integrated use of LiDAR technologies, geographic information systems (GIS) and crowdsourcing approaches for identifying, recording and monitoring historical and cultural heritage sites within local communities. It is emphasised that in the context of military action, urbanisation pressure and territorial transformations, cultural heritage is considered an important resource for sustainable development in accordance with UNESCO approaches and the World Heritage Sustainable Development Policy (2015). It is shown that modern LiDAR systems, including sensors built into smartphones, provide dense point clouds and three-dimensional models of objects with sufficient accuracy to solve a significant part of the tasks of documentation and operational monitoring, although they are inferior to high-precision ground and airborne laser scanners. Particular attention is paid to the hypothesis regarding the possibility of creating 3D models of cultural heritage objects using common smartphone models with built-in LiDAR sensors and assessing the accuracy of measurements of such models. To test the approach, a field scan of the local hydrological natural monument "Natural Spring" within the Shpanivska territorial community of the Rivne region was performed using a smartphone with a LiDAR module. Processing point clouds in Polycam, AutoCAD, PIX4D, 3ds Max, and Blender software made it possible to build a 3D model of the structure and estimate the relative error in measuring linear dimensions. For a reference section 210 cm long, the relative measurement error was 2.04%, which is consistent with the results of international studies on the accuracy of mobile LiDAR sensors, which demonstrate millimetre-centimetre accuracy for small objects and centimetre-decimetre errors in complex environments. The technical limitations of mobile LiDAR (limited scanning range, reduction in density and accuracy with distance, sensitivity to surface properties, influence of the operator's scanning trajectory, need for control measurements) were analysed and the prospects for their application for mass crowdsourced data collection on heritage objects were demonstrated. Based on an analysis of geocrowdsourcing experience, it is argued that the combination of the prevalence of smartphones, mobile LiDAR sensors and web GIS creates the conditions for the formation of distributed information systems for recording, monitoring and preliminary assessment of the condition of monuments at the level of local communities, provided that data standardisation and quality control procedures are implemented. Keywords: geoinformation technologies, Lidar, amalgamated territorial community, historical and cultural heritage, sustainable development.
Analysis of technogenically impacted areas in the Poltava Region using remote sensing data
In the Poltava region, over the past decades, natural complexes have undergone significant transformations as a result of intensive economic activity. This has led to the formation of potentially hazardous areas where exogenous geomorphological processes are becoming more active and environmental risks to the region are increasing. Systematic monitoring of changes in agricultural landscapes under the influence of technogenic transforming factors makes it possible to promptly identify problem areas, assess the scale of degradation processes, and take timely measures for their stabilization and restoration. The article presents an analysis of technogenically loaded areas of the Poltava region, in particular the Poltava and Bilanivka mining and processing plants, tailings storage facilities, the evaporation pond of the Kremenchuk Oil Refinery, the dam of the Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Power Plant, the Makukhivka and Diivka landfills, as well as sites of fires in nature reserves. The tools of remote sensing monitoring used to assess the impact of technogenic transforming factors on the environment are characterized, including band synthesis technologies and InSAR interferometry, the determination of the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), as well as data processing using Google Earth Pro, Surfer, and QGIS software. The study used data from the Sentinel-1, Landsat-7, and Sentinel-5P satellite missions obtained from the Copernicus Open Access Hub platform, as well as Sentinel-2 radar images downloaded via the Vertex web interface. Remote sensing methods have demonstrated high effectiveness in detecting and analyzing environmental changes under the influence of technogenic transforming factors. Satellite observations make it possible to assess in detail a wide range of parameters, including surface deformations, vegetation indices, temperature anomalies, moisture changes, as well as the characteristics of soils and water bodies. The geomatics approach is a key element in integrating these data. It enables the combination of heterogeneous satellite and ground-based data within a unified analytical environment, the performance of spatial and temporal analyses, the creation of interactive maps and 3D/4D models, the visualization of change dynamics, and the development of predictive models of technogenically driven phenomena. Received: 08.12.2025; Accepted: 10.02.2026;
Comparison of the real estate registration system of Montenegro and Ukraine
This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the state registration systems for real property rights in Ukraine and Montenegro, considering contemporary challenges, trends in decentralization, and digitalization of cadastral and registration processes. The aim of the study was to identify similarities and differences in the legal foundations, organizational structure, and practical functioning of the registration systems in both countries, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness. The research employed general scientific and specialized methods: analysis and synthesis to summarize legislative norms, comparative legal method to identify differences between the Ukrainian and Montenegrin models, systems approach to assess the interaction of cadastral and registration authorities, and structural-functional method to reveal features of the organization of the state land cadastre and the property registry in Montenegro. Content analysis of specialized scientific publications was used, including work dedicated to the maintenance of state surveying in Montenegro. A historical and contemporary analysis of the registration systems in both countries was conducted. The study analyzed the stages of state registration formation, including inventory data, technical inventory bureaus, and modern bodies such as the Ministry of Justice and the State Geocadastre. It identified specifics of maintaining separate registries for land plots, houses, buildings, apartments, unfinished construction objects, and their encumbrances. The development of the Montenegrin system was reviewed, starting from the 1980s, including the transformation of the land cadastre into a unified real estate registration system through the Real Estate Administration. The study highlighted the constitutive nature of property registration, integration of cadastral and registration data, public access via electronic services such as eKatastar and Geoportal, as well as specifics of land geoclassification and legalization of unauthorized construction. Key characteristics of both countries’ systems were compared in tables, reflecting: legal basis of registration, organizational structure, objects and mechanisms of registry maintenance, digitalization, publicity, protection of property rights, and procedures for legalizing unauthorized buildings. The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive comparison of the two systems in terms of legal effectiveness, digitalization, and protection of property rights. The conclusions of the research can be used to improve the Ukrainian real estate registration model, integrate cadastral and registration processes, and enhance legal certainty, bringing it closer to European standards. Received: 10.12.2025; Accepted:15.01.2026;
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Algorithm for the Use of Geoinformation Technologies for the Purpose of Geoecological Monitoring of Territorial Communities
The article discusses the role and capabilities of modern geoinformation technologies in the process of geo-ecological monitoring of territorial communities. The growth of anthropogenic pressure, climate change and active development of land resources necessitate the introduction of innovative tools for timely detection, analysis and forecasting of the state of the environment. Geoinformation systems ensure the integration of different types of spatial data, their modelling and rapid visualisation, which enables local authorities to make scientifically sound management decisions on the use of natural resources, spatial planning and environmental safety at the local level. The study analyses the main functional capabilities of geographic information systems, in particular spatial analysis, geostatistics, risk modelling and scenario forecasting. Particular attention is paid to the use of remote sensing of the Earth to assess the dynamics of natural processes such as soil degradation, changes in vegetation cover, water balance and pollution detection. Examples are given of the application of integrated geoinformation solutions in communities for monitoring land conditions, analysing environmental sustainability and monitoring compliance with environmental protection standards. The results of the study prove that the introduction of geoinformation technologies into the geo-ecological monitoring system is a key condition for improving the efficiency of natural resource management at the level of local communities. The use of integrated geospatial data allows for more accurate assessment of environmental threats and the development of sound sustainable development strategies. Thus, geoinformation systems serve as the basis for the creation of modern monitoring systems that meet the requirements of adaptive management in the environmental sphere. Keywords: geoinformation systems, geo-ecological monitoring, amalgamated territorial community, land resource management, land use planning, rational land use.
Laser scanning and creation of a bim model of the building No. 1 NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI” as a method of visualizing historical and architectural heritage
The article describes a comprehensive approach to obtaining and processing data after terrestrial laser scanning of an architectural monument and creating a BIM model of a fragment of the facade of a historic building – the First Building of the Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. In the course of this work, modern methods of spatial fixation of the object under study were used, including high-precision 3D scanning with a Leica ScanStation C10 scanner, point cloud registration, data filtering, and the results of their further processing in Leica Cyclone REGISTER 360 and Autodesk ReCap software, and the construction of an informational 3D model of this building in the Autodesk Revit environment. Foreign and domestic experience in performing such work has been analyzed. It has been shown that one of the most effective methods of spatial documentation is terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), which provides a high-precision point cloud that reflects the actual shape of an object with an accuracy of several millimeters. International studies show that Scan-to-BIM technology is key in the processes of digital restoration and planning of reconstructions of historical objects. It is noted that Ukraine lacks systematic applied research that would combine these technologies into a comprehensive algorithm for specific historical and architectural objects. This circumstance indicates the practical importance of this research and the need for further development of methods for documenting historical facades using modern geodetic and geoinformation technologies. The article pays particular attention to ensuring high data accuracy, station registration algorithms, scan parameter selection, and the potential for further use of the model in restoration work, technical condition monitoring, and digital conservation of cultural heritage objects. The LOD 300 model confirms the possibility of high-quality reproduction of the geometry of historical objects using Scan-to-BIM technology in the Ukrainian context. Keywords: terrestrial laser scanning, point cloud, TLS, BIM model, Scan-to-BIM, digital preservation, historic building, architectural heritage, Autodesk Revit, Leica ScanStation C10, point cloud registration, Cyclone REGISTER 360, HBIM, facade restoration, 3D modeling, geodetic documentation, information modeling, measurement accuracy, LOD 300, digital reconstruction.
Topographic and Geodetic and Сartographic Support in Land Management
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The article examines the process of creating a real estate cadastre in Ukraine and the directions of development based on the analysis of the experience and practices of the European Union. It is emphasized that the importance of correcting the misunderstandings created in this area of relations regarding the definition of real estate adopted in Ukraine and in the World, taking into account the recommendations of the World Bank on the unification of fragmented institutional approaches to property registration, its valuation and tax administration. The emphasis is on the continuous development of integration processes in this area in the EU countries and the World on the basis of a coordinated view of the future development of these systems, taking into account the conclusions drawn from the practice of implementing the future vision of the modern cadastre by 2014 and from the perspective of 2035, as well as on the importance of Ukraine's accession to this process to create favorable conditions for the development of market relations and the activation of investment activities. It is determined that the strategic direction in the context of European integration is the harmonization of Ukraine's cadastral policy with EU standards. It is proposed to continue the implementation of the Decree of the President of Ukraine on the cadastral system of 2003 by creating a multifunctional cadastre, which will include property rights registers, cadastral valuation of property and other state registers and cadastres. The article emphasizes the importance of unification and modernization of the system to increase its efficiency and compliance, based on proven modern practices, with international requirements. Keywords: real estate cadastre, cadastral system, European Union, land, real estate.
The impact of climate change on the efficiency of agricultural crop cultivation in Rivne region.
This article examines the impact of climate change on the efficiency of agricultural crop cultivation in Rivne Region, which serves as a representative area for studying adaptation processes under changing climatic conditions in northwestern Ukraine. It has been established that rising average annual temperatures, decreasing uniform precipitation, and more frequent droughts significantly affect the yields of major crops and cause their spatial differentiation. The study includes a spatial analysis of agricultural production, an assessment of climate-related risks across the administrative districts of the region, and an identification of regional differences in the effects of climatic factors. An economic evaluation of the efficiency of growing various crops under the new climatic conditions was conducted. The results indicate the need to adjust crop structure in favor of more adaptive and profitable crops such as potatoes, maize, open-field vegetables, and fruit and berry crops. An optimized structure of cultivated areas, adapted to current agro-climatic conditions of the region, is proposed. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach that integrates agro-climatic analysis, economic assessment, and spatial modeling. The findings can be used to develop strategies for adapting the agricultural sector to climate change, ensuring food security, and enhancing the economic resilience of agricultural production in Rivne Region and similar regions of Ukraine. Keywords: climate change; agriculture; economic efficiency; crop yield; agroclimatic risks; spatial analysis; crop structure; food security
Intelligent technologies in the evolution of electronic geodetic instruments: conceptual basis for the integration of artificial intelligence into spatial management systems and geoinformation environments
The article explores the issue of intellectualisation of electronic geodetic instruments in the context of spatial management systems, emphasising the transformation from automated procedures to adaptive self-learning technological solutions with the integration of digital ethics principles. An algorithmic analysis is implemented using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and recurrent Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network architectures for adaptive filtering of information flows, as well as geospatial statistics and GIS visualisation methods for verifying coordinate consistency. The obtained scientific results indicate that intellectualisation determines the transformation to cognitive systems with sensor integration (GNSS, IMU, EDM), achieving millimetre accuracy using artificial intelligence algorithms – particularly EKF and LSTM – for predictive modelling of errors and auto-correction. It was established that cloud infrastructure and interoperability with GIS platforms (ArcGIS, QGIS) form a unified digital environment with data validation mechanisms, which increases metrological stability and ethical accountability of systems. The practical significance of the study is determined by the improvement of public administration systems, in particular urban planning, land cadastral accounting and infrastructure monitoring, where intelligent devices provide real-time data updates and preventive risk management. The study contributes to increasing the transparency of state registers through digital measurement passports, reducing errors and legal conflicts in the geoinformation environment. Prospects for further scientific exploration include the development of ethical standards for artificial intelligence in geodesy and integration with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to establish global monitoring networks. Keywords: intellectualisation, geodetic instruments, sensor integration, artificial intelligence, geographic information systems, public spatial management.
The effectiveness of bio-melioration technologies in restoring and improving the fertility of degraded soils
The article addresses the pressing issue of soil degradation and substantiates the necessity of applying biomelioration methods as a key tool for restoring soil fertility. The purpose of the study is to analyze and systematize data on the impact of biomelioration techniques based on fertility indicators of degraded soils. A comprehensive research approach was employed, which included the analysis of scientific publications as well as practical examples of biomelioration methods used to improve the fertility of degraded soils. Fertility is defined as a combination of three main properties: physical, chemical, and biological. The study highlights the influence of biomelioration methods on fertility restoration through the accumulation of organic matter, stimulation of biological activity, and improvement of soil structure. The main biomelioration techniques and their effects have been examined. Phytoremediation is considered as a measure aimed at reducing toxic elements in contaminated soils by cultivating special plants capable of removing or localizing toxic substances within the root zone or aerial parts. The role of organic farming as a biomelioration method has been determined. A schematic model illustrating the mechanism of biomelioration effects on soil fertility is presented, along with recommendations for implementing a complex system of biomelioration practices to effectively restore degraded soils in Ukraine. It is noted that further research should focus on the development of regionally adapted biomelioration systems and the assessment of the long-term economic impact of their implementation. Keywords: soil degradation, soil fertility, biomelioration, green manures, phytomelioration, phytoremediation, microbial preparations, organic farming.
Intelligent technologies in electronic geodetic systems for public spatial management: evolution from automation to digital ethical standards
The article is devoted to the intellectualization of electronic geodetic instruments (EGI) and the development of conceptual foundations for integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into the geoinformation environment (GIS) to enhance the efficiency of spatial management systems. The study presents a developed architectural model of an intelligent spatial management system, which includes the interaction of electronic instruments, sensor modules, GIS platforms, and analytical AI services. The proposed concept of EGI intellectualization is based on three main vectors: autonomy of the measurement process (through machine learning, ML, for object recognition and self-diagnostics), adaptability to environmental conditions (via environmental impact correction and noise reduction), and integrativity with GIS. The research describes the use of AI methods, including deep neural networks (YOLO, Mask R-CNN, U-Net, PointNet) for automatic detection and classification of objects in images and point clouds, as well as for real-time evaluation and correction of GNSS errors using neuro-Kalman filters. The practical directions of model implementation include automated monitoring of engineering structure deformations and intelligent UAV data processing for updating topographic maps. According to the findings, the phased integration of AI transforms EGI into intelligent sensors capable of autonomously assessing data quality and interacting with GIS, thereby providing a reliable foundation for smart cities and sustainable territorial development. Keywords: intellectualization, artificial intelligence (AI), electronic geodetic instruments (EGI), GIS environment, spatial management systems, object detection, GNSS correction.
Application of artificial intelligence neural networks in photogrammetric processing of digital data
The article examines the impact of artificial intelligence neural network algorithms on the process of photogrammetric processing of digital images and the formation of dense point clouds. It is noted that the integration of machine learning algorithms, in particular deep learning, allows you to automate key processing stages, increase the accuracy of object classification, optimize geometric correction of images and improve the quality of final geospatial products in the form of an orthophotomap of the area. The main stages of the photogrammetric process are described: from collecting primary data to forming orthophotomaps and three-dimensional terrain models. Particular attention is paid to the role of the neural network in improving the density of the point cloud due to the correct interpretation of points on digital images, object classification and reducing the influence of the human factor. The challenges associated with the need for large volumes of high-quality training data are identified. The prospects for the application of AI neural networks in photogrammetry and the need for further research in this direction are substantiated. Keywords: neural network, artificial intelligence, photogrammetry, machine learning, point cloud, orthophotomap, 3D model, digital image. The article considers the impact of artificial intelligence neural network algorithms on the process of photogrammetric processing of digital images and the formation of dense point clouds. It is noted that the integration of machine learning algorithms, in particular deep learning, allows you to automate key processing stages, increase the accuracy of object classification, optimize geometric correction of images and improve the quality of final geospatial products in the form of an orthophotomap of the terrain. The main stages of the photogrammetric process are described: from collecting primary data to forming orthophotomaps and three-dimensional terrain models. Particular attention is paid to the role of the neural network in improving the density of the point cloud due to the correct interpretation of points on digital images, object classification and reducing the influence of the human factor. The challenges associated with the need for large volumes of high-quality training data are identified. The prospects for the application of artificial intelligence neural networks in photogrammetry and the need for further research in this direction are substantiated. Keywords: neural network, artificial intelligence, photogrammetry, machine learning, point cloud, orthophotomap, 3D model, digital image.
Ontology of boundaries in contemporary land management: from geometry to regimes of rights and values
The paper reconceptualizes the boundary in contemporary land management as an institutional–regime category that transcends the geometric view of a dividing line. Drawing on comparative-historical and institutional analysis, deontic modeling, and formal ontologization via LADM, it substantiates a shift from a material-geometric to a regime-based ontology of space, where the boundary operates as an event-relation constituting rights, restrictions, liabilities, and rent flows. Four structural levels—material, legal, informational, and ecological—are identified, and their supervenient couplings are explicated, showing how procedural and data validity causally ground the legitimacy of spatial regimes. The paper formulates principles of boundary ontological design (constitutiveness of procedure, multimodality, adaptability, quality metrics, compatibility and priorities, value transparency) enabling the integration of legal norms, spatial data, and land-value governance mechanisms. Practical relevance includes a transition from a “registry of lines” to a dynamic regime model of space for cadastral and planning systems, improving decision quality, reducing conflicts, and enabling transparent value sharing. The study positions itself as a contribution to the formation of land management theory as a foundational discipline and outlines follow-up work on regime formalization, GeoBIM integration, and legitimacy assessment procedures. Keywords: boundary; spatial ontology; land management; LADM; institutional regimes; rights and restrictions; 3D/4D cadastre; interoperability; value capture; spatial governance.
Land relations and current problems of land reform
An integrated approach to planning, assessing and implementing the removal of topsoil: from regulations to evidence-based land management practices
Scientific and methodological approaches to the development of land protection measures in modern land management documentation are proposed. The article considers modern requirements for the development of working land management projects for the removal and transfer of the fertile soil layer in accordance with the regulatory framework of Ukraine. The main tasks of such projects are outlined, including ensuring the rational use and preservation of soil fertility, minimizing the negative consequences of economic activity and restoring disturbed lands. An analysis of key indicators that determine the feasibility of removing and storing soil layers is carried out: humus content, acidity, exchangeable sodium content and granulometric composition. It is shown that compliance with these parameters is an important factor in environmental safety and sustainable development of agricultural production. The content of land management working projects includes design tasks, an explanatory note, a description of natural conditions, the results of soil and geodetic surveys, design decisions for determining a set of land protection measures, plans for agricultural soil groups and calculations of the estimated cost of work. Such a structure ensures the scientific validity of decisions and the practical effectiveness of their implementation. The article summarizes current knowledge and practices in the field of land management, offering a comprehensive approach to the development of land management working projects. The proposed rules and recommendations can serve as a basis for specialists engaged in land management, agronomy and ecology. Keywords: land protection, land management, land improvement, land management, land management documentation, topsoil removal, land management working project.
Designing water protection zones using GIS tools
The regulatory and legal principles of designing water protection zones and their role in protecting the natural environment, determining the boundaries of coastal protection strips and the influence of relief on the size of restriction zones are analyzed. The territory of the Kamianopotokivska territorial community in the Kremenchuk district of the Poltava region is studied. The water bodies in the study area were classified, and the normative values of coastal protection strips were determined based on their sizes, in accordance with current legislation requirements. Based on open data on the relief of the territory, slopes were calculated and doubling of coastal protection strips within slopes exceeding 3 degrees was provided. A geospatial dynamic model for designing water protection zones, taking into account legislative norms and terrain and their impact on activities, has been developed. The model was created and tested using the Model Builder software module in ArcGIS Pro. As a result of the study, the geospatial model was applied to the collected input data and water protection zones were designed within the study area. The territories were identified and analyzed, the ownership rights of which are encumbered in accordance with the designed water protection zones. This model is dynamic and suitable for use for production purposes at the local level (within territorial communities). Key words: water protection zone; coastal protective strip; territorial community; water bodies; design of water protection zones; GIS technologies; geoinformation systems.
Designing a conceptual model of the geospatial database for hazardous animal burial sites affected by anthrax
The article presents the author's approach to the systematization and accumulation of geospatial and attributive data on dangerous burials of animals that died from anthrax. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease, the spores of which can remain viable in the soil for decades, posing a potential threat. Burials of animals not carried out in biothermal pits (mainly before 1954) do not provide an adequate level of safety. In the event of a shift in the soil cover, spores can reach the surface and cause new cases of the disease among wild and domestic animals, as well as infection of people. A significant part of such burials does not have clearly established boundaries of land plots and established regimes of limited use of adjacent territories, which complicates control over their condition. As part of the study, the available geospatial and attributive data on dangerous burials were structured, and a conceptual model of a geospatial database was developed, which ensures the accumulation, structuring, and systematization of data. The model is built using UML notation and is presented in the form of a class diagram that reflects the main structural elements of the database and their attributes. The results obtained can be used to create a physical model of a geospatial database for the registration (register) of lands with dangerous burials of animals that died from anthrax, as well as for the further development of the monitoring system, planning of sanitary and protective measures, establishing regimes of limited land use, etc. Keywords: geospatial database, conceptual model, anthrax.
Digital agronomy: smart decision-support workflow for climate‑resilient farming in the Kyiv agglomeration
Rapid metropolitan growth is reshaping agrarian viability in peri-urban regions. Using the Kyiv agglomeration as a data-rich testbed, this study couples a modular UAV–AI decision-support workflow with empirical constraints emerging from land use, labour markets, logistics, and land rents. Regional evidence shows agricultural land has been squeezed to 0.21% of the area (≈0.18 k ha), against >54% green zones; wage differentials (16,500 UAH food processing vs 14,000 UAH agriculture) and transport costs of 20–250 UAH/km undermine farm margins and labour retention, while prime‑zone rents up to 25 million UAH/ha/year intensify conversion pressure (Kyiv & oblast baseline tables and figures). These structural frictions motivate digital agronomy that is explicitly policy‑ and cost-aware. We therefore prototype a decision-support workflow that fuses UAV/satellite imagery, in-field IoT, and historical climate/crop data with administrative‑economic layers (rents, wage gradients, haulage costs). The system translates multisource inputs into actionable stress detection, irrigation timing, and input allocation recommendations. At the same time, a logistics module evaluates route/vehicle choices under peri-urban cost profiles—a stakeholder‑co-design process (farmers, processors, and planners) anchors usability and transferability. We report (1) the peri-urban baseline for Kyiv (land, wages, logistics, enterprise distribution), (2) the architecture of the UAV–AI workflow and integration points with farm CRMs and public agri‑data, and (3) an evaluation framework linking agronomic KPIs to spatial‑economic constraints for resilient adoption. The approach is designed for cross-border replication (Ukraine - Germany) and to inform respectable policy outputs on digital land management and peri-urban agrifood resilience. Keywords: precision agriculture, digital agronomy, UAV, AI decision support, peri-urban farming, land use change, logistics costs, Kyiv agglomeration, resilience, policy integration.
Application of GIS technologies to assess the impact on the surrounding environment of the location of wind power plants using the example of "Polonina Runa" of the Turye-Remetivskaya ah community
In the current context of renewable energy development, the most important task is to minimize the environmental impact of wind farms (WPPs) on the environment. The use of geographic information systems (GIS) allows for effective analysis and modeling of the impact of WPP placement, taking into account environmental, landscape, climatic and social factors. The article considers the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the environmental impact of the location of a wind farm (WPP) on the territory of the "Polonyna Runa" tract of the Turye-Remetivka territorial community. The study involves the collection and processing of spatial data, including relief, wind speed and direction, the presence of protected areas and habitats of sensitive flora and fauna. GIS will be used to analyze visual and noise impacts, assess risks to biodiversity and public health, and model alternative siting options. The assessment results contribute to making informed decisions regarding the choice of a location for wind power plants, reducing negative environmental impact and ensuring a balance between the development of green energy and the preservation of the natural environment. Keywords: wind energy, environmental impact assessment, geographic information systems, spatial planning, sustainable development of territories, renewable energy sources, decarbonization, CO2 emissions.
Overcoming the Soviet Legacy in Land Surveying and Topographic-Geodetic Activities in Ukraine: Terminological Unification, Reframing of Scope and Institutional Integration
The article develops an integrated framework for overcoming post-Soviet inertia in the interaction between land management and topographic–geodetic activities in Ukraine. It demonstrates that the Soviet educational–professional tradition narrowed geodesy to measurement-centric engineering practices while marginalizing the European understanding of land management as a project- and law-driven activity that designs boundaries and regimes of land use with direct legal consequences. Drawing on international frameworks (FIG, CLGE, INSPIRE, LADM), current Ukrainian legislation, and the author’s long-term observation of professional debates on social media, the study substantiates: (1) the need for terminological unification (surveyor as a generic term, with clear distinctions between land/cadastral surveyor and engineering/topographic surveyor; geodesist is not a synonym for surveyor); (2) a reframing of functional roles whereby topographic–geodetic work is an infrastructural instrument enabling value creation across other sectors, whereas land management directly creates new real-estate objects and planning structures and governs asset value through RRR (rights–restrictions–responsibilities) approaches; and (3) institutional integration of data and processes based on INSPIRE/LADM semantic models. The paper identifies structural drivers of the perceived “crisis” after 1991—namely, the sharp decline of state demand for “centralized geodesy” and the technological automation of measurements (GNSS, satellite and aerial imagery, UAVs, GIS). It proposes the modernization of higher education under specialty G18 (“Geodesy and Land Management”) via interdisciplinary curricula (geodesy × land management × cadastre × spatial planning × real-estate valuation), the adoption of semantic data models and ethics with procedures ensuring public trust in boundaries, and sustained professional communication as a mechanism to eliminate legacy, Soviet-rooted conflicts between communities. Keywords: land management; geodesy; topographic-geodetic activities; cadastre; boundaries; RRR (rights-restrictions-responsibilities); INSPIRE; LADM; terminology harmonization; professional qualifications; NSDI; institutional integration; spatial planning; real-estate valuation.
RRR (rights-restrictions-responsibilities)
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Fair value of land capital: methodical approaches and scenario modeling
The article examines the principles of forming the fair value of land capital under the conditions of profound transformations in Ukraine’s agricultural sector. It demonstrates that traditional approaches to land valuation no longer meet current challenges, as they fail to account for environmental threats, institutional changes, and risks associated with military actions. The author substantiates the feasibility of applying the fair value concept as a more flexible and adaptive approach suited to present-day realities. A modified model for determining the value of land capital based on net present value is proposed, which integrates the following factors: the share of land plots withdrawn from cultivation, annual net operating or rental income, losses due to demining and soil contamination (expenses or lost income), state compensations, discount rate, and risk premium. Scenario modeling was used to present several possible development trajectories—optimistic, pessimistic, pragmatic, and one excluding the effects of war. The results indicate that the speed of land resource recovery, the scope of state support, and the efficiency of managerial decisions are the key determinants for maintaining the economic potential of land capital. The developed methodological framework can be applied both for decision-making at the level of agricultural enterprises and territorial communities, as well as for improving state land policy in the context of post-war recovery. Keywords: land capital, fair value, market value, net present value, risk premium, discount rate, rental income, state compensations, humanitarian demining, soil contamination, post-war recovery, agricultural sector, land valuation, scenario modeling, investment attractiveness of land.
Rational use of agricultural lands: monitoring the humus balance across crop rotations
Sustainable land use cannot be achieved without deliberate efforts to preserve and restore soil fertility, with the humus status serving as its key indicator. The challenge of maintaining a stable humus balance has become particularly pressing under the dominance of short-rotation crop sequences in the agricultural practice of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The absence of systematic monitoring of soil organic matter complicates the prediction of agroecosystem productivity and threatens the degradation of chernozems, the country’s most valuable agricultural resource. This study aimed to assess the performance of different short-rotation crop rotations under conditions of complete fertilizer exclusion, to quantify their effects on the humus balance, and to identify the most suitable model for long-term land use. The methodological framework was based on humus balance calculations in a five-field rotation with winter rapeseed and sunflower, conducted during 2020–2024. The results indicated that technical crops generated a negative humus balance (–0.28 t/ha and –0.77 t/ha, respectively), with the most severe deficit observed after bare fallow (–1.46 t/ha). In contrast, cereals contributed to partial restoration of humus reserves (up to +0.21 t/ha and +0.08 t/ha), while the highest positive effect was obtained from green fallow (+1.14 t/ha). The overall balance per rotation amounted to –2.22 t/ha in the first sequence and +0.38 t/ha in the second. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating green fallow into crop rotations as a natural source of organic matter, essential for sustaining chernozem fertility and ensuring the resilience of agricultural production in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Keywords: southern chernozems, humus, biomass, balance, short-rotation crop rotation, cover crops.
Improving Approaches to Determining the Maximum Area of Land Parcels Under Existing Buildings and Structures
The article substantiates directions for improving the methodological framework for forming state- and municipal-owned land parcels on which buildings and structures are located. A methodology is proposed for delineating such state and municipal land parcels that, in the course of parcel formation, explicitly accounts for the functional (land-use) designation, the technical specifications of buildings and structures, and their location in relation to other immovable property, red lines (street right-of-way lines), public-use areas and facilities, water bodies, territories and assets of the nature reserve fund, cultural heritage sites, and other objects that impose special land-use regimes. It is proposed to establish a unified, quantitatively measurable approach to determining the permissible boundaries of these parcels through two interrelated parameters—the width of a basic service strip and a special adjustment coefficient for each class of buildings and structures. The proposed approach to forming state- and municipal-owned land parcels hosting buildings and structures will, overall, simplify the work of compilers of land management documentation by relying on a single set of quantitative parameters. At the same time, it will reduce instances of transferring excessive land areas without competitive bidding and accordingly increase the supply of land on the competitive market. Keywords: land parcel formation, functional (land-use) designation, building codes.