Heterogeneity of biometric characteristics of cultivated forest communities in environmental conditions at Kryvorizhzhya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/bio2018.01.002Abstract
One of the most important factors in optimizing the conditions of human life in industrialized regions of Ukraine is the creation of cultivated forest communities. However, artificial trees and shrubs are developed under certain natural laws. Depending on their characteristics and the environmental conditions of the placement of territories, further development of the vectors of progress and regression of these plantations is possible.
That is why the elucidation of the factors influencing the future development of artificial tree plantations and the mechanisms of their action makes it possible to understand the philosophy of this phenomenon. The first step in solving this pressing problem is to study the functioning of the state of the main indicators of the cultivated forest communities in the environmental conditions at Kryvorizhzhya.
Aim of the article – to analyze the biometric characteristics (a stand density, an average height of trees, an average diameter of trees, an amount of cross-sectional area of trees and a stand volume) of cultivated forest community at Kryvorizhzhya, which are located in different ecological conditions.
Materials and methods. During 2013-2016, cultivated forest community, which are located in contrasting ecological conditions and represent all the major varieties of the wood-shrub plantations of the region, were investigated. Objects of park and gardens, sanitary-protective, water protection and urban protection forest districts have been studied. For control, natural forest communities at the Gurivsky forest (Dolynska district, Kirovograd region) were used. These forest communities are located in the floodplain of the Bokova River and distant more than 30 km from industrial enterprises.
Monitoring sites (35 units) were laid in forest communities. In the monitoring sites, the vertical structure of the tree stands was established and the height, diameter of the trunk 1.3 m from the ground of trees of the first-third tiers was measured. In the office, an amount of cross-sectional area of trees and a stand volume were calculated. The results of measurements and calculations were statistically processed.
Results and discussion. Combining the possible effects of natural (soil and hydrological indicators) and anthropogenic (air pollution) factors, we distinguish the zone of ecological conditions of growth and development of forest community: 1) zone of the favorable ecological conditions; 2) zone of the relatively favorable ecological conditions; 3) zone of the relatively unfavorable ecological conditions; 4) zone of the unfavorable ecological conditions.
Cultivated forest communities at Kryvorizhzhya were created mainly in the 30's and 50's and 60's of the 20th century. According to the results of our research, the dominant species of these are Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus laevis, Robinia pseudoacacia. In addition, Acer campestre, Acer negundo, Quercus rubra were used in plantations. In some cases, Tilia cordata, Pinus sylvestris were used.
It should be noted that in the cultivated forest communities at Kryvorizhzhya also there are invasive species dendrological exotic is like Robinia pseudoacacia, Acer negundo, Gleditsia triacanthos, Ailanthus altissima, Caragana arborescens, Amorpha fruticosa.
In some cases, in particular in areas of gardens and parks, where in fact there is no work of care, these invasive species of dendrological exotic are actively developing and suppressing autochthonous species of trees and shrubs.
Absolute biometric characteristics (a stand density, an average height of trees, an average diameter of trees, an amount of cross-sectional area of trees and a stand volume) of cultivated forest communities in Kryvorizhzhya are typical for forest communities from other regions of Ukraine and the world and in fact do not depend on the ecological conditions of their location. However, there is an imbalance in the ratio of individual indicators (average height, average diameter) between the first, second and grated tiers of communities.
The age of the ripeness of forest communities from Gurivsky forest naturally causes the least significant relative biometric characteristics. Influence of aerotechnogenic contamination causes more intensive growth of cultivated forest community at Kryvorizhzhya. This is evidenced by the relative biometric mean of the average height and average diameter of the trees of the 1st and 2nd tiers. However, the intensity of the increase in the amount of cross sections and, especially, the stocks of stem wood in cultivated forest community is less than control, where there is a more optimal natural density of trees.
In forest communities at Kryvorizhzhya, the de-structuring of the tree-stands according to the distribution of biometric characteristics was revealed. There is a decrease in the proportion of trees of the third tier and the simultaneous increase in the proportion of trees in the second tier in terms of: a stand density, an amount of cross-sectional area of trees and a stand volume.
Conclusions. Absolute indexes of the biometric indicators (a stand density, an average height of trees, an average diameter of trees, an amount of cross-sectional area of trees and a stand volume) of cultivated forest communities at Kryvorizhzhya are typical for other regions of Ukraine and the world. They also depend on the environmental conditions of their growing territories. However, the imbalance in the ratio of individual indicators (height, diameter) between I, II and III tiered plantations can be traced. Age of ripeness forest communities at the Gurivsky forest (Dolynska district, Kirovograd region) of the lowest values of relative biometric indices caused.
Influence of aerotechnogenic contamination more intensive growth of cultivated forest communities at Kryvorizhzhya also causes. This fact confirms the relative biometric indices of height and diameter of trees of the 1st and 2nd tiers. However, the intensity of the increase in the amount of cross sections and stocks of stem wood in the of cultivated forest communities is less than control in conditions of optimal natural density of wood species of plants.
In the cultivated forest communities at Kryvorizhzhya, the restructuring of the tree stand was revealed by the distribution of biometric indices, in particular, the reduction of the specific mass of the III tier and the simultaneous increase of the second tier on the density of plantations, the sum of the cross-sectional areas and the stock of stem wood.
The results obtained by us are perspective to be used for the design and creation of artificial tree plantations in separate conditions of the steppe and technogenesis.
Keywords: cultivated forest communities, biometric characteristics, KryvorizhzhyaReferences
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