Spatial and temporal regularities of water quality formation in the Dnieper river
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/bio2018.01.006Abstract
The study determines a spatial and temporal pattern of water quality formation in the Dnieper River and makes a comprehensive assessment of the water quality during the period of 1990-2015 based on various methods and regulations on water quality of surface water bodies for drinking needs, as well as for household, recreational and fish breeding purposes. It shows that increased concentrations of heavy metals and biogenic substances, which gradually accumulate along the river flow, have a negative influence on the Dnieper water quality. The paper presents a model of the spatial trend of water quality change using the modified water pollution index (MWPI) calculated on the basis of average annual concentrations on six indicators of water quality assessment, which significantly exceed their maximum permissible values: dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen consumption in water during a period of 5 days (BOC5), ammonium nitrogen, phosphates, zinc and copper. The findings prove that both the intensive use of water resources and zonal specifics of intensive agriculture lead to the spatial regularities an increase of the value of MWPI in 4.2-6.4 times from source to mouth of the Dniper River. The quality of water of the Lower Dnieper used for drinking, household and recreational purposes refers to the following classes: “clean” (class II) – “moderately polluted” (class III) according to MWPI values, and “polluted” (class II) – “contaminated” (class III) based on the combinatorial index of pollution (CIP) values. The Dnieper water used for fish farming purposes has extremely low quality; according to MWPI values, it is “moderately polluted” (class III) – “contaminated” (class IV); according to CIP values, the quality of water refers to the status of “polluted” (class II) – “contaminated” (class III). Systematical accumulation and exceeding values permissible concentrations of heavy metals and biogenic substances in the surface waters of the Dnieper river make it impossible to ensure favourable conditions for the use of water for drinking, household, recreational, or fish breeding purposes. These adverse processes are largely caused by diffuse pollution of surface waters as a result of intensive and inefficient agriculture and lack of well-grounded measures to optimize the structure of the land fund on the basis of basin positional-dynamic and adaptive landscape anti-erosion principles of geoplanning with an aim of minimizing a negative agricultural impact on the hydrogeoecosystem and creating a prerequisite for the rational use and improvement of land and water resources of the transboundary Dnieper basin.
Keywords: water quality assessment, hydrochemical indicators, quality indices, quality classification, spatial and temporal analysis, modelling
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