Method ecological evaluation of technologies winter wheat growing by influence on soil fertility

Abstract

Approbation of the developed method was carried out on the example of winter wheat, which was grown in zones of Polissya, Forest-steppe, Steppe of Ukraine on chernozem typical low-humus heavy loamy, сhernozem podzolized medium loamy lightly slightly eroded, chernozem typical low-humus medium loamy, dark grey podzolized, chernozem ordinary low-humus.

 One of the reasons for the deterioration of soil conditions is the use of imperfect crop cultivation technologies or the violation of certain technological processes. It is possible to solve the problem by developing environmentally friendly technologies that responding modern environmental standards.

S. Balyuk, V. Medvedev, M. Miroshnichenko, Ye. Skrylnyk, D. Timchenko, A. Fateyev, A. Khristenko, Yu. Tsapko outlined several factors of anthropogenic impact on soils such as: violations of the rules for the introduction and storage of chemicals, the formation of industrial and household wastes, emissions of harmful substances, the flow of contaminated wastewater, etc.

S. Balyuk and V. Medvedev believes that the soil is subjected to degradation processes due to the dominance in agricultural production of an unbalanced land use system that does not provide a positive result in the field of soil conservation, achievement of high economic efficiency and ecological safety. The degradation of soils, according to scientists, is the result of the use of imperfect technologies in agriculture. Without studying the mechanisms of the negative effects of technologies on components of the ecosystem, it is impossible to identify environmental risks and to develop technologies that agree with modern environmental standards.

Estimation of influence of technologies of winter wheat growing on soil condition on fertility indexes, which will allow to propose measures to reduce anthropogenic loading on agroecosystem.

The research was conducted in conditions of field stationary experiments located in the Polissya, Forest-Steppe and Steppe regions of Ukraine. The basic technology of winter wheat cultivation and technology with the application of mineral and organic fertilizers in various combinations, considering the soil-climatic conditions of the location of the experiments.

The article proposes a method for evaluating the technology according to the intensity of its negative influence on soil fertility indices: strong (deviation from optimum to deterioration is more than 50%), average (deviation from optimum to deterioration more than 25% but not more than 50%), moderate ( the deviation from the optimum in the direction of deterioration more than 10%, but does not exceed 25%), absent (the deviation from the optimum in the direction of deterioration does not exceed 10%). The method can identify the negative effects of technology on the state of the soil and make an informed decision on its improvement or its prohibition in specific soil-climatic conditions.

Using the method of evaluation technology for the effect on soil fertility allowed to make the following generalizations:

the content of moving nitrogen forms: in conditions of black soil typical of low-humus heavy-loamy, сhernozem podzolized medium loamy slightly eroded, dark grey podzolized the technologies created optimum conditions for nitrogen supply for wheat (the negative impact of technology on the state of the agro-ecosystem was absent). In the conditions of chernozem ordinary low-humus (the zone of the Steppe), all the technologies studied led to the depletion of soil to nitrogen content and the impact of technology varied with intensity from medium to strong;

the content of labile of phosphorus: in all studied soils, technologies provided optimal conditions for the supply of winter wheat phosphorus compounds. It was established that they did not have a negative impact on the ecological state of agroecosystem components;

the content of exchangeable potassium: the technologies of winter wheat cultivation in most cases led to depletion in the soils of its exchange forms. There was a negative influence and it ranged from moderate to strong;

the soil solution reaction: in the conditions of the chernozem typical low-humus heavy loamy, сhernozem podzolized medium loamy slightly eroded, the moderate and medium influence of technologies is established. Instead, in conditions of dark gray podzolized, chernozem ordinary low-humus, there was no adverse effect of the technologies on the acid-base properties of soils.

Conclusions. Using the developed method, it was established that in the conditions of Polissya, Forest-steppe and Steppe of Ukraine the technologies of winter wheat cultivation lead to depletion of soils on exchange of potassium forms. In conditions of chernozem ordinary low-humus and chernozem podzolized medium loamy slightly eroded, deterioration of the acid-base conditions of soils was observed. In conditions of the Steppe, along with the potash regime, the technology negatively affected the nitrogen regime of the soil - there was a depletion of stocks of mobile nitrogen compounds. The avoid degradation of soils, the technology of winter wheat cultivation should be improved in the part of the fertilizer system of plants, in accordance with the established negative processes.

In the future, the methods of evaluating wheat growing technologies need to be developed based on indicators of the impact on the processes of accumulation and migration of soil chemicals.

Keywords: ecological assessment, winter wheat, cultivation technology, soils of Ukraine, soil fertility indicators