VARIETAL FEATURES OF FORMATION OF YIELD AND QUALITY OF GRAIN SOFT WINTER OF WHEAT DEPENDING ON SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS

Abstract

The purposeof a study is the defining of features of formation of yield and a quality of grain varieties soft winter wheat with  different genetic potential of Ukrainian and Austrian selection using optimized nitrogen supply for obtaining the grain of high baking quality according to different soil and climate conditions of Ukraine and Austria, and identifying of the varieties suitable for cultivation in given conditions.

Materials and methods of a study. Field research had been conducted in 2012-2014 years at the territories of three soil-climatic zones: in Ukraine - the Right-bank forest-steppe (SD NULES "Agronomic Research Station", v.Pshenycne, Vasylkiv district, Kyiv region), and in Austria - zone of sufficient moisture - Wald-und Myulfirtel (v. Kauttsen, North of Lower Austria), and unstable wetting zone - NordostlyhesFlah-und Hyuhelland (v. Leopoldsdorf, Eastern Austria). Regions and results of field research are typical almost for all the territories of theCentral Europe of semiarid climate zone, which is exposed to prolonged dry periods.

Field multifactor research had been conducted on the same scheme at each of the farms (factor C); variety (factor A): strong varieties — Joseph, Midas, Capo (ProbstdorferSaatzucht, Austria) and Lybid (BilaTserkva BRS); high quality varieties — Balaton (ProbstdorferSaatzucht, Austria), Polis’ka 90 (NSC "Institute of Agriculture NAAS"); the amount of nitrogen and its distribution (factor V): four gradation (adding  in accordance with phases: autumn tillering- BBCH 10-21 / spring tillering- BBCH 25-29 / booting - BBCH 30 - 31 / heading - BBCH 51-59 ): D1 – as a control without nitrogen; D2 – 120 (0/60/60/0); D3 - 180 (0/60/60/60); D4 -150 kg / ha d.s. (30/60/60/0). Phosphorus and potassium (90 kgd.s.) were used as a background. Winter rape preceded wheat, its seeding rate was in amount of 4 million units/ha. Accommodation options were set up according to the method of plots’ split. The accounting area was of 25 m² for four single repetition.

Results. The authentic dependence between variety, soil and climate conditions of cultivation, fertilization, yield and quality of winter wheat grain was established. The fluctuation range of yield was significant and relied on all those factors under study, and according to the varieties it was: Balaton – 3.55 - 8.87; Capo - 3.41 - 8.58; Joseph - 3.45 - 7.47; Lybid- 3.09 - 7.74; Midas - 3.64 - 9.06; Polis’ka 90 - 2.80 - 7.11 t / ha. Depending on weather conditions of the year, yield varied in all soil-climatic zones. A significant differentiation of yield in v. Kauttsen in 2014 (4.18 - 8.89 t / ha) was caused by quadruple rainfall compared to the long-term data in May, and prolonged rains during harvesting, which led to strong lodging of plants of Joseph and Polis’ka 90 varieties, very strong of Capo, and partial of Lybid and Midas; and reduced their productivity by adding nitrogen in the feed. In this part of Lower Austria, for three years of research, the highest yield indicators had Midas - 7.47; Balaton - 7.35; Lybid - 7.20; Capo - 7.07; Polis’ka 90 and Joseph had slightly lower indicators - 6.43 and 5.73 t / ha, respectively.

In 2012 an extreme drought in spring and summer periods in the eastern part of Austria (v. Leopoldsdorf) led to the significant decrease of a yield, limited the efficiency of nitrogen supply, the implementation of the genetic potential of varieties and yield variability. However, under these conditions Midas variety had a positive reaction on nitrogen supply compared with other varieties (the lowest yield, basing on the indicators of its control). In the East of Austria under the conditions of the unstable humidity, the highest yield indicators had the following varieties: Balaton - 7.60; Polis’ka 90 - 7.67; Midas and Capo - 8,44 - 8,58 t / ha.

Prolonged period of autumn vegetation in v. Pshenycne (2013/2014 years) led to the excessive development and the outgrowth of plants of Capo and Joseph varieties. The prolonged snow cover resulted in significant destruction of these varieties by a snow mold and a significant reduction in yields, respectively. One should avoid planting these varieties in the early periods. In conditions of high moisturing of wheat (as in 2014), and using nitrogen nutrition in a high amounts, lodging of Capo, Joseph, Polis’ka 90 and Midas partially was observed. Therefore it caused the reduce of their yields. The highest yield indicators had Midas and Balaton - 8.00 - 8.02; from medium to high - Joseph, Capo and Lybid- 6.73; 6.60 and 6.54, respectively; lower - Polis’ka 90 - 5.31 t / ha.

The nitrogen feeding ensured the largest increase in yield compared with other factors. For three years of research in all climate conditions, Midas and Balaton were the most stable and high yield varieties; from medium to high levels - Capo and Lybid; Joseph and Polis’ka 90 had a high stability, but, compared to other varieties, a lower yield.

The content of protein and gluten in wheat is determined by a genotype of a variety, fertilization system and growing conditions. The high content of protein and gluten accumulates in the grain of Capo, Joseph, Polis’ka 90, Midas, Lybid varieties. At the territory of Ukraine, in the grain of all strong varieties a protein content was 14.6 - 16.6 if adding high amounts of nitrogen feeding (three times by60 kg/ ha in accordance with microstages BBCH 25-29; 30-31; 51-59).