The effect of sowing period on yield of yield and quality of winter wheat

Abstract

Increasing the production of quality winter wheat as the main crop of the forest-steppe zone in 2017-2019 to 71-80 million tons is the main task of the agricultural complex of Ukraine. Agrarian science has been conducting scientific research for a long time to develop wheat cultivation technologies, which can reduce the impact of the negative effects of abiotic and biotic factors, which significantly reduce yields and worsen grain quality indicators.

In the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine with winter wheat, sufficient research has been conducted, however, there is no information on the features of growth and development of plants of new varieties: Podolyanka, Kosovitsa, Natalka and Bohemia depending on the sowing time. In addition, there is insufficient and incomplete research on the response of new varieties to agro-environmental, adverse and stressful environmental factors due to the short state examination. Therefore, the study of the features of growth and development of new varieties of soft winter wheat, depending on the conditions of cultivation in the present period is of practical and scientific importance, and studies aimed at the selection of winter wheat varieties, increasing their yield and grain quality depending on the sowing period are relevant.

The article presents the results of the studies conducted on the typical black soil during 2017 - 2019 under the conditions of TOV «Zolota Niva» of Lubenskiy district of Poltava region and quality indicators in the PDAA grain quality laboratory.

The following factors were included in the scheme of the experiment:

- soft winter wheat varieties (factor A) - Podolyanka (control), Kosovica, Natalka, Bohemia;

- sowing time (factor B) - September 10, September 20, September 30, October 10.

Field studies, placement of experiments in kind, soil sampling for fertility analysis were performed according to generally recognized methods.

The wheat stocking density of winter continuous sowing was taken into account twice during the growing season at permanently fixed fields. The first time the density of the stem was calculated in the phase of complete sprouting, and the second - before harvesting.

The crop was harvested by direct combining into a phase of full ripeness of the grain in time, which was set in place, guided by the general requirements for field work on the experimental sites. Crops from each plot were necessarily converted to 14% humidity and 100% purity with a conversion to tonnes per hectare (t / ha).

To create high-yielding crops, it is necessary to purposefully shape each element of the crop structure.

According to the average values of the studied years 2017-2019, the varieties showed the highest number of productive stems during the sowing periods of September 20 and 30. A slightly smaller number is characterized by the sowing period of September 10, and the smallest number of productive stems at the sowing period of October 10.

The total number of stems in the Podolyanka variety was the highest for sowing on September 30 and amounted to 533 pcs / m², the number of productive stems was 472 pcs / m², while the number of productive stems was for the sowing period on September 20 and October 10, 386 and 365 pcs / m², in accordance. The Natalka variety was slightly lower than the Podolyanka productive stems. Its values were from 436 to 460 pcs / m². The percentage of productive stems ranged from 83 to 90%.

The largest indicator of the number of productive stems were the varieties Kosovica and Bohemia. For the sowing period on September 20, the number of stems was 369 pcs / m², on September 30 - 481 pcs / m² (in the Kosovica variety). And in the Bohemia variety, this indicator ranged from 377 pcs / m² (sowing period on September 10) to 483 pcs / m² (sowing time on September 30).

In terms of percentage, the studied varieties had a percentage of productive stems at the level of 82.1 % (Podolyanka sowing of sowing on September 10) to 93.1 % (sowing bohemia on September 20).

So for the sowing period of September 10, virtually all varieties form a spike mass at the level of 0.86-0.94 g.

It was established that with the shift of sowing time from September 10 to October 10, the yield level of the investigated varieties increased from 4.39 t / ha - Podolyanka for sowing period on October 10 to 5.36 t / ha in the Bohemia variety for sowing period on September 30 (by average yields).

In the years of research (2019), the highest quality grain was formed in the Bohemia variety with an average protein content of 13.1 %, gluten – 29 %, Kosovica protein content - 13.0% and gluten content - 29.8%, Natalka grade - 12.2 % - protein and 28.1 % gluten content. The Podolyanka grain was of slightly lower quality - 12.2 % protein and 27.2 % gluten.

Our research confirmed this. On average, over the three years (2017-2019), the highest mass fraction of protein in winter wheat grains (12.8-12.6 %) averaged over varieties formed for sowing on October 10, and the lowest - for sowing on September 10 - 11.3- 12,0 %.

Research conducted during 2017-2019 with winter wheat varieties allowed us to formulate the following conclusions:

- in order to obtain a high yield of winter wheat grain, it is important, first of all, to form the optimal number of productive stems per 1 m², the maximum grain weight of 1 ear and their number in the ear;

- on average for 2017-2019 the highest yield (5.36 t / ha) was provided by the Bohemia variety for sowing on September 20 and the Kosovica variety for the sowing period on September 30 (5.29 t / ha).

The quality of winter wheat grain largely depends on the weather conditions of the year, variety, sowing time. The highest protein content of the studied varieties was 13.0-13.1%.