Analysis of rhysophere microbiome of sugar maize under the influence of chemical and biological seeds treatment pesticides
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/dopovidi2020.04.007Keywords:
maize rhizosphere, microorganisms, pesticides, biologicals productsAbstract
The seeds treatment with chemical pesticides are the part of efficient strategy of sustainable agriculture. The pesticides using provide higher yields and seed quality, protecting seedlings and plants from diseases and pests. However, only about 0.1% of the total volume of applied pesticides achieve the target. The other part has negative influence on non-target objects and destroy the diversity of microorganisms in soil ecosystems. The changes in the diversity and composition of beneficial microbial community reduces the availability of nutrients, and lead to loss of pest populations control. The microbial community performs the function of soil homeostasis keeping.
The microorganisms are bioindicators that provide an information about soil degradation level and ecological status of ecosystem as a whole. The same microbiological indicators make a possible to determine the depth of different factors influence on the soil at early stage which will help to prevent further soil degradation.
Therefore, the detailed studying of biological and economic efficiency of chemical and biological plant protectors, the development of conditions and technologies of application, detailed analysis of their impact on the environment and human health will be remain priority research areas in the future.
In this article to present the research of the influence of chemical and biological seed treatment pesticides on the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome of sugar corn.
Chemical protection was included the treatment with a tank mixture of fungicide "MAXIM XL" (a.s. - fludioxonil and metalaxyl) and insecticide "Cruiser" - (a.s. - thiomethoxam) which are manufactured by Syngenta. Biological protection was provided by seed treatment with the biofungicide "Bionorma Pseudomonas" (a.s. - Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aureofaciens, Pseudomonas putida) and bioinsecticide "Agriinsect Triomax" (a.s. - Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptomyces avermitilis) which are manufactured by Bionorma. In the control the seeds were not treated.
The pesticides effect on soil microbiome was study by using the serial dilutions of the soil suspension and analyzing the quantity and diversity of microorganisms on differential diagnostic nutrient media.
The investigation of the microbial diversity in sugar corn rhizosphere of variety "Rusalka" were performed in plant growth stage BBCH 13-15, BBCH 53-55 and BBCH 87-88.
In our investigation we found that the simultaneous mixing of metalaxyl, fludioxonil and thiomethoxam for corn seeds treatment was reduced the number of ammonifiers and microscopic fungi in the rhizosphere of plants at the growing season beginning. The effect of the complex on actinomycetes, oligonitrophils and pedotorophs was less toxic and the content of these microorganisms decreased by 50-75% compared to control. However, with plant growth the composition of the rhizosphere microbiota in each conditional functional group of microorganisms renewed and in the end of the corn vegetation the microbial cenoses returned to original composition. In the case of microbiological preparations, no changes in the number or imbalance in the composition of soil biota were detected. So only the chemical pesticides using has negative influence on non-target agronomic organisms.
According to the results of other researchers each active substance of MAXIM XL and CRUISER 350 FS has low toxicity to soil microorganisms but the combination of three active compounds creates a synergistic effect and has been high toxicity not only to diseases or pest and also to beneficial microorganisms.
Biological pesticides have not caused changes in number and composition of corn rhizosphere microorganisms, which makes their using an important component of future plant protection strategies. Unfortunately, at present time their role and usages for sustainable agriculture remains controversial and restricted due the effectiveness of biological protectors is still inferior to chemical.
According to our results, the most promising is the using of integrated protection systems, which provide the partial replacement of chemical pesticides on to biological products. It can increase the reliability of plant protection in conditions that are not optimal for only chemical or biological agents. The use of synergies between beneficial microorganisms and chemical pesticides will provide effective and sustainable protection of crops without disrupting the structure of the microbiome. It can help to stop land degradation and restore the fertility of agricultural land.
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