THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ALKALOIDS AND THE DYNAMICS OF ACCUMULATION OF NUTRIENTS IN GREEN MASS COLLECTION SAMPLES OF WHITE LUPIN

Abstract

Introduction. The important economic value of Lupin due to the diversity of use (forage, grain, green manure), unpretentious to the soil and climatic conditions and relatively low energy intensity of cultivation. In green mass and seeds of all species of lupine contain alkaloids which represent a physiologically highly active substances of alkaline nature. The alkaloid content of wild forms and bitter varieties of different types of lupine Matures to 3.5 %, and in feed varieties should not exceed 0.3 %.

A valuable feature of Lupin is a high protein content in grain and green mass in comparison with other legumes, protein complex lupine have a higher content of essential amino acids, fewer inhibitors of trypsin and easier paratransit for animals as it is almost completely soluble in water and solutions of neutral salts [3]. As the formation of  green mass, there are changes in the level of accumulation of protein and dry matter in different plant organs depending on the phase of development. Therefore, it is important to establish the optimal time of  harvesting of  lupine on green forage based on the content of nutrients and quantity of a harvest and for use of green manure.

Purpose of our study was to perform a collection of white lupins with alkaloids, to investigate dynamics of accumulation of protein and dry matter in various plant organs and determine the nutritional value and yield of green mass, depending on the phases of vegetation.

Methods. The subject of research to determine the level alkaloid served 96 collection samples of different origin. Used method of determining the alkaloid content in the seeds by soaking it in iodine-iodide-potassium solution (reagent Bouchard). Dynamics of accumulation of protein and dry matter were studied in the phase of flowering, glaucous and shiny beans on two samples: feed grade August and alkaloid sample UD0800438. The nitrogen content in the dry matter of green mass was determined by the method of Kjeldahl.

Results. In the evaluation of collection samples on the content of alkaloids in the seeds used a specially designed scale (from 0 to 5 points). Each graduation of  the scale corresponds to a certain intensity of seed colour in solution Buchard and corresponding to the intensity of the alkaloid content .

According to the analysis of 94 collection samples of white Lupin were divided into six groups according to the content of alkaloids in the seeds (table.1). The group of food directions for use included four of the samples (sweet, the alkaloid content up to 0.025 %) and (without alkaloids to 0,029 %). The group feed includes 48 samples, of which low alkaloids – 20 (alkaloids from 0,030 % to 0,099%), weakly alkaloids – 28 (0,100-0,299 %). A group of green manure accounted for 44 samples, including alkaloid - 21 sample (content of alkaloids from 0.300 to 1,000 %), highly alkaloids – 23 samples (>1,000 %). These samples are bitter and can only be used for green manure purposes.

According to the results of determination of protein content in different plant organs it is established that the maximum amount of protein in the leaves accumulates in the flowering stage and averaged in both samples, 26.3% of dry matter. From all vegetative organs of the protein content in the leaves of the largest. Beans maximum protein content established in the phase of brilliant beans - 23,4 %. With the maturation of the plants the protein content in vegetative organs of plants is reduced, which is associated with the redistribution of proteins and their movement in reproductive organs. The quantitative increase of dry matter in plants, as the increase of the green mass continued and was maximum at a phase of brilliant beans. The results of studying the dynamics of formation of vegetative productivity showed that the increase of green mass was mainly due to the growth of  succulent beans, which share a phase of PPE beans was approximately 32.0 per cent, and the proportion of leaves and stems during this period, began to decline. The maximum yield of green mass was formed into a phase of brilliant beans. The fate of the beans during this period was more of 53.0 %.

The maximum yield of green mass, dry matter yield and protein was observed in both varieties in the phase of the brilliant bean and averaged, respectively, to 65.1 t/ha, and 12.2 t/ha, 2.0 t/ha. Established that the increase of dry matter and protein was faster than the green mass due to the fact that with the development of the plant, it also increased nutrient content.

Discussion.  In the result of  determination of alkaloid content in seeds of  selected source with low and high content of alkaloids for future use in selection when creating new varieties of  white Lupin respectively different directions of use. It is established that during the growing season, the accumulation of protein in plants occurs gradually: the maximum number of sheets placed into the flowering stage and beans – into a phase of brilliant beans. With the maturation of its content in the vegetative organs decreases, this is due to the redistribution of proteins and their movement in reproductive organs. The maximum yield of green mass, dry matter and protein yield of white Lupin are defined in a phase of  brilliant beans. During this period, the share of juicy beans with high protein content is more than 53 % of the total weight of plants, stems also still quite juicy and not calloused. Therefore, this phase of vegetation is the most optimal term of harvest for obtaining high yields of quality forage.