Dependence of quality of grain of wheat winter-annual is on weather terms and systems fertilizer in South Steppe of Ukraine

Abstract

Certainly, that the increase of production of grain-growing goods and increase of her quality remains the basic problem of agricultural production in Ukraine. Quality of grain of wheat winter-annual depends first of all on ground-climatic terms, biological features of sort and efficiency of technology of growing. The major indexes of quality of grain of wheat winter-annual is content squirrel, gluten and quality of gluten in grain; a large value is played by volume weight and absolute mass of grain and his structuralness. An important measure, that assists upgrading of grain of wheat winter-annual there are applications of fertilizers, considerable positive influence of that on the productivity and quality of culture is explained by that content of nutritives in soil diminishes gradually, are they in a difficult soluble form, and physiology activity of rootage of wheat winter-annual is high not enough. Because humidity of soil for the zone of Steppe is a limiting factor, at drying up of soil nitrogen is concentrated in his epiphases and becomes inaccessible for plants, artificial nitric starvation comes. Decision of problem of upgrading of grain of wheat winter-annual and her bread of baker's indexes at the same time with the increase of grain of production it remains actual, especially at the terms of the insufficient bringing of fertilizers and change of climate in recent year. It is set that to development of effective technologies of growing of agricultural cultures the devoted labours of many home scientists-theorists and practical workers. They are recommend introduction of scientifically reasonable crop rotations, bringing of the effective systems of organically mineral fertilizer, application of effective technological measures. By scientists certainly, that ground-climatic terms
render considerable influence on efficiency of growing of agricultural cultures, although agricultural meteorology resources are used by them only on 40–60%. At the same time in a modern agrarian production for upgrading of agricultural produce the newest technologies of growing require development, where top-dressing is inalienable component part of complex of effective measures. A research aim is determination of basic indexes of quality of grain of wheat winter-annual depending on weather terms and systems of fertilizer in the crop rotations of South Steppe of Ukraine. Researches executed in the protracted field stationary experience of department of agricultural chemistry and fertility of soils of the Odessa state agricultural experimental station of NAAS on southern black soil humus wakeupinterval on the forest breed, founded in 1971. Determined the action of the systematic bringing of organic and mineral fertilizers during 46 (six rotary presses of the field crop rotations) and influence of their after an action during the last two rotary presses simultaneously with the direct action of fertilizers. A reiteration in experience is triple with the systematic placing of reiterations and variants; reiteration in time – fourfold with the successive including on one field in a crop rotation. In the first four rotary presses a wheat winter-annual was grown in the grain of pair cultivated crop rotation with the next duty of cultures: 1 – pair black, 2 – wheat winter-annual, 3 – corn grain, 4 – peas, 5 – wheat winter-annual, 6 – corn of milk waxen ripeness, 7 – wheat winter-annual, 8 – sunflower. During fifth and sixth rotary presses a wheat winter-annual was grown in a grain pair crop rotation: 1 – pair black, 2 – wheat winter-annual, 3 – rape winter-annual, 4 – wheat winterannual, 5 – pair sideration, 6 – wheat winter-annual, 7 – wheat winter-annual, 8 – sunflower. Determined efficiency of the systems of fertilizer, that during four rotary presses included variants: without fertilizers and with application of the organic, mineral and organically mineral systems of fertilizer. A pus and mineral fertilizers brought in twice for a rotary press: under black pairs and corn of milk waxen ripeness. Mineral fertilizers as ammoniac saltpetre, superphosphate granular and potassium salt used under basic till of soil. From the fifth rotary press of crop
rotation as a predecessor of winter wheat applied pairs of sideration without topdressing. It is set on results research, that with worsening of terms of moistening of spring-summer period for development of plants of wheat winter-annual, content squirrel in grain rose on the whole. In a variant without top-dressing in middle after all predecessors content squirrel in a dry substance presented 12,23% with oscillation scope from 11,45 to 13,71%. Grain here appeared puny – absolute mass of grain presented in middle 36,53 g with oscillation in more wide interval – a from 33,89 to 46,42 g. At the use of mineral fertilizers the above-mentioned tendencies were kept, in particular content squirrel on 25,4% exceeded a control variant, parameters of physical indexes of quality: by volume weight, absolute mass of grains and glass is visibility – accordingly only on 1,03%, 1,5% and 2,6%. It is set that the mineral and organically mineral systems of fertilizer at the protracted application provided content squirrel and gluten in grain of wheat winterannual, that answered the requirements of the second class. Mineral fertilizers assisted an increase in grain of wheat winter-annual squirrel – on 1,11–3,25%, to content of gluten – on 3,0–10,5%. The reliable improvement of index of glass is visibility was looked after at maximal norms by bringing of nitrogen of N180; N180P30K30 and N180P60K60 accordingly on 11,3%, 14,1% and 11,1%. The indexes of quality of grain of wheat winter-annual depended on the features of weather terms during a vegetation period. A sufficient amount is warm and moisture a squirrel assisted the best mastering of nitrogen and piling up and gluten in grain of wheat winter-annual with application of all systems of fertilizer.