The effectiveness of primary soil tillage in weeds control for sunflower cultivation

Abstract

An urgent problem of modern agriculture is the development of new effective measures to protect crops from weeds. It is generally acknowledged that weeds are a factor that reduces yields, impairs the quality of products, impedes the implementation of advanced technologies, promotes the spread of pests and diseases, increases the cost of products, etc. Consequently, at the present stage of development of agriculture to control the number of weeds, it is important to develop and implement a scientifically grounded comprehensive system of measures - ecological, phytocoenic, organizational, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical. The need for a comprehensive system approach to the problem of weed control is due to the multifactor of the production process in the field of agriculture and the biological characteristics of weeds, in particular their high adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Analysis of recent researches and publications.. Since ancient times weeds have been damaging to agriculture. In connection with the energy crisis in the country, the decline in the general culture of agriculture, in particular, the lack of timely and non-qualitative soil cultivation, the replacement of spring grazing, lack of highly effective herbicides, there has been a significant increase in perennial crops. In the last decade, a number of scientists surveyed a significant number of fields in the Polissya and Forest-steppe regions of Ukraine, which recorded an increase in the level of bullying, especially in perennial species (thistle pink, birch bark, pirate creeping) - in individual farms in 2,0 - 2,5 times. Research and practice of agricultural production
also found that the anisotropy of the arable layer is formed under the influence of basic cultivation. For annual plowing homogeneous, with a uniform distribution of weed seeds throughout the depth of the processing layer. Long-term free-rupture leads to the formation of a heterogeneous layer with a predominant placement of weed seeds in a 0-10 cm layer. Until now, there is no consensus on the role of shelf and non-polar treatments in decreasing bulb, interpreting the distribution of weed seeds in different ways the soil. The purpose of the research is to determine the influence of weeds of different biological groups on the growth and development of sunflower plants, its productivity and quality of seeds. The materials and methods for investigation. The research was conducted in the field of stationary field experiment of the National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine on the basis of the educational-scientific-innovation center (Skvira district, Kyiv region) during 2011-2014. Sunflower hybrid - Torino (Nussade USA), the duration of the growing season is 113-115 days (midnight). The experimental field is represented by black soil with a typical medium-humus content in the treated layer of 4,04%, nitrogen content of lightlyhydrogenated - 21,7 mg / kg, exchangeable potassium by Machigin 193,6 mg / kg and exchangeable phosphorus by Machigin - 32,5 mg / kg soil, the pH of the salt extract is 7.1. Sowing area - 160 m2, accounting - 50 m2, four-time repetition. The results and discussion. The number of weeds in agro-crops, in the first place, depends on the technology of growing crops, their biological characteristics, the ability to form an optimum leaf surface, as well as the number of weed species and weather conditions. The researches have established that in the phase of 6-7 leaves in sunflower, on average, over the years of research, the smallest weeds were after the plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm. In the variant without herbicides and mechanical propagation during the vegetation There were 83 pcs /m2 of wild plants. In the background of chisel cultivation, at the same depth, the number of weeds increased by 2,3 times and there were 195 pcs/m2. The conduct of shallow and surface cultivation with disk implements contributed to an increase in vegetative weeds of 2,6 and 3,0 times, respectively.
Carrying out mechanical measures (one to go and one after harrowing, as well as interbreeding in the phase of 5-6 leaves in sunflower) protection of sunflower in the background of plowing helped reduce irritation by 86%. In the background of nonpolar treatments, obturation decreased by 75-80%. For mechanical measures, weeds grew predominantly in a row, especially in non-polar treatments, and in intermediate rows were destroyed by the working organs of a tooth harrow and cultivator. The most pure crops of sunflower in the phase of 6-7 leaves were for the combination of the tape introduction of fuselage forte and one inter-row loosening (combined care for crops). Destruction of weeds ranged from 93 to 98%, regardless of the method of basic soil cultivation. The most critical period in sunflower is due to the factors of plant life during the period of the formation of a basket of flowers - flowering. Studies have shown that weeds are the greatest competitors for moisture, nutrients and light with cultivated plants. The presence of wild plants in sunflower crops negatively affects the growth, development and further productivity of cultivated plants. In the flowering phase of sunflower, the most pure from weeds were crops for combined soil cultivation. Strapping the fuselage fort in the norm of 0.5 l / ha and two row-row cultivating plants with planting created favorable conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants. Such caring for sunflower seeds yielded seed yields, on average four years, at the level of 4.0 t / ha, both in the background of plowing and chisel cultivation. Conclusions. In the conditions of the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine, the most economically expedient grow sunflower behind the plowing to a depth of (plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm) end chisel cultivation (chisel cultivation to a depth of 25-27 cm) of basic soil cultivation. Caring for sunflower seeds is carried out by holding the pre-harvest and post-harvest harrowing of tooth-type harrows into the phase of "white thread" of weeds. Fuzilid forte to make in the phase of 2-4 leaves in small-year and at a height of 10-15 cm perennial grass weeds in norm 0,5 l/hectare with a width of up to 15 cm.