The productivity of winter wheat varietes depending on the background of nutrition in conditions of Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Abstract

The grain industry of Ukraine is the basis and source of continuous development of most sectors of the agro-industrial complex and also the one of agricultural exports. One of the most valuable crops in our country is wheat. Its main purpose is to provide people with bread, bakery products, cereals and other products of grain processing. It is necessary to acknowledge as of yet today the technological lag of grain production of Ukraine taking in comparison with the developed countries of the world still remains considerable. One of the main factors of increasing of the crop productivity as in particular winter wheat is the introduction of resource-saving elements of technology in plant nutrition. Those elements consist in application of low doses of mineral fertilizers and on their background application of modern preparations for processing both seeds before sowing, and crops of plants in the main periods of their vegetation. The goal of the research was to determine the productivity of winter wheat depending on the varietal characteristics and nutrition optimization in the southern Steppe of Ukraine. Experimental studies were conducted during 2011-2016 yrs on the experimental field of the Mykolaiv NAU. The object of research was winter wheat
namely Kolchuga and Zamozhnist varieties. The technology of their cultivation, except for the studied factors, was generally accepted due to the existing zonal recommendations for the southern Steppe of Ukraine. During years of the study weather conditions differed, in particular, in 2015 – 2016 during the growing season it was significantly more precipitation. According to the temperature regime they were typical for the southern Steppe zone of Ukraine. The soil of experimental plots represented by Southern residual weak sodic clayey loam chernozem on loess. The total land area was of 80 m2, the accounting area was 30 m2, the repetition was three times.  The scheme of experience included the following options: Factor A as variety such as: 1. Kolchuga; 2. Zamozhnist. Factor B as nutrition such as: 1. Control (without fertilizers); 2. N30P30 - for presowing cultivation-background; 3. Background + Urea K1 (1 l/ha); 4. Background + Urea K2 (1 l/ha); 5. Background + Escort - bio (0.5 l/ha); 6. Background + Urea K1 + Urea K2 (0.5 l/ha); 7. Background + Organic D2 (1 l/ha). The norm of the working solution was 200 l/ha. Fertilization of crops with modern growth-regulating drugs was carried out at the beginning of the resumption of spring vegetation and at the beginning of the winter wheat stooling. It was established by the study as the productivity elements of winter wheat depended on the variety and plant nutrition. In particular, the average over the years of research the ear length of Kolchuga variety of non-fertilized plants was less than the variant of the main application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N30P30 0.6 cm or 7.7%. The foliar fertilizing of crops in the main periods of vegetation of winter wheat plants contributed to increasing of the above-mentioned indicator by 0.7 – 1.4 cm or 8.9 – 17.9% compared to the control.   The ear length of the Zamozhnist variety was also increased under the influence of nutrition optimization. As on average, over the years of research, the growth of this indicator of the yield structure only from the background application
of mineral fertilizers was 0.5 cm, and from the use of their background of modern growth-regulating drugs was 0.9 – 1.9 cm compared to the control. As to some extent nutrition variants influenced on the number of grains in the ear of the studied winter wheat varieties. As if without fertilizers on average over the years of research there were 24.9 grains in the ear of the Kolchuga variety, and there were 27.5 grains in the Zamozhnist variety, then the application of only mineral fertilizers in the main fertilization provided increasing of this indicator by 2.0 – 2.1 grains, and carrying out on their background the foliar dressing increased by 3.1 – 4.9 and 2.7 – 4.2 grains depending on the variety. In all years of research rather more number of grains in the ear were formed in the Zamozhnist variety. As on average for years of research and due to the nutrition factor, there were 30.3 grains, which exceeded the indicators for the Kolchuga variety as by 2.3 grains or 8.2%. It was established as on average for years of research, varieties and variants of nutrition were reflected on the weight of grain from one ear. When if applicating of moderate recommended doses of mineral fertilizers under the winter wheat Kolchuga variety the weight of grain per ears compared to control non-fertilized ones increased by 13.6%, and above-mentioned one of the Zamozhnist variety increased by 12.7%. The foliar dressing increased the specified indicator of the yield structure by 22.7-42.0% in the Kolchuga variety compared to the control. And it increased by 20.6-32.4% in the Zamozhnist variety compared to the control. On average, over the years of research more optimal indicators of the yield structure of winter wheat and the level of grain yield were shown by the Zamozhnist variety compared to the Kolchuga variety. At the same time, the maximum studied structural parameters and yield of both varieties were formed on the background of a moderate dose of fertilizers and foliar dressing of winter wheat plants in the main periods of vegetation with the drug Escort-Bio. The important role in the effective use of fertilizers belongs to the variety. Thus, on average, over the years of research and nutrition factor, the yield of
winter wheat Zamozhnist variety compared to the Kolchuga variety was formed higher by 0.41 t/ha or 10.2%. The increasing in the yield of the Zamozhnist winter wheat variety after applicating N30P30 compared to control was 0.53 t/ha or 17.4%. The use of growthregulating drugs on the background of N30P30 application provided increasing in the yield of winter wheat by 1,59 - 1,94 t/ha or 52,1 – 63,6% depending on the drug. Foliar dressing of the Kolchuga winter wheat variety crops also had a positive impact on grain yield. Thus, on average, over the years of research, the above-mentioned agronomic practice contributed to increasing in yield by 1.34 – 1.59 t/ha or by 46.4 – 55.0% compared to the control. Therefore, in the South of Ukraine, the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N30P30 for presowing cultivation and foliar dressing of crops at the beginning of the resumption of spring vegetation and the stooling of plants with Escort–bio and Organic D2 ensures the formation of the highest indicators of the yield structure and grain yield of winter wheat.