Content of calcium in the fruits of the apple of the autumnlife of maternity from raw materials of the Western Forest-steppe of Ukraine

Abstract

Apple trees is the main fruit crop of Ukraine and ranks first in the structure of fruit planting. Ukraine is one of the leaders in the market for concentrated juices, which in turn determines the development of the processing industry. The modern assortment of products of processing enterprises is rather wide - direct juices, concentrated juices, puree, products of freezing and sublimation. Proceeding from the foregoing, raw gardens of fruit crops, which characterized by varieties with certain biochemical parameters - content of dry substances, pectin, titrated acid and biologically active substances, acquire special significance. It should be note that the gross collection of apples is not a stable indicator from year to year. A separate direction of intensification of processing enterprises is the creation of new or modernization of existing enterprises in order to create small and nonwaste processing lines of fruit production.  In addition to the modernization of production facilities, integration of a complex of modern developments into production is necessary, in particular, the use of monitoring of biochemical markers, such as the content of macro- and micro elements in fruits, as indicative signs of the suitability of fruits for processing. One of the marker elements can be calcium, which is a part of pectin substances, which condition the maintenance of the structure of fruits and prevents rapid hydration. The content of the specified element depends on the water-retaining ability of the fruits. It founded that in fruits with high juicer content, calcium content is less than hard-pressed in 2-2.5 times. That is why the purpose of our work was to study the content of calcium in the fruit of the apple of the autumn term of achievement, to provide a continuous fruit conveyor for processing enterprises.
The study of the peculiarities of the formation of biochemical indicators of fruit production allows us to develop a comprehensive approach to optimizing the influence of external factors that affect the boundary of adaptive potential, which is genetically determined. The content of calcium ions in apple fruits in 2016 at the first collection was in the range from 6.6 mg / 100 g (for the Slava Peremojcyam) to 6.9 mg / 100 g (for the Greensleavs), with the second collection from 4.6 mg / 100 g (Slava Peremojcyam) to 5.2 mg / 100 g (Greensleavs). It should be note that the analyzed varieties characterized by low calcium content in fruits (up to 7 mg / 100 g). The yield of juice in 2016 at the first collection varied from 55,4 to 62,7%, in the second 53,2 - 60,6%. Reducing the juice content during the second collection negatively correlated with a decrease in calcium content, which causes water binding in apple fruits and is part of the pectin substances. It should be note that the calcium content influenced by three main factors: genetic features of the variety, weather and climatic conditions and agrotechnicals. Undoubtedly, the fact of decreasing the activity of the absorbing roots under extreme conditions - droughts and reversible frostbite, which directly affects the transport of calcium from the soil to the organs of the plant. From the data given, the level of calcium falling during the second collection is clearly determined, compared with the first one. This is due to irreversible processes of hydrolysis of pectin during fruit reaching. For the laying of raw gardens, apples for processing enterprises can recommend varieties of Vitos, Greensleavs and Slava Peremojcyam who meet the requirements of the processing industry. For further research, we have chosen the system of interconnection "the content of calcium ions" - "juicer" - "the content of protopectin" for the possibility of using waste juice production to produce a by-product - pectin.