ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ САДИВНОГО МАТЕРІАЛУ ДУБА ПУХНАСТОГО (QUERCUS PUBESCENS WILLD.)
Abstract
Technology of Cultivation of Quercus Pubescens Planting Material
Quercus Pubescens is characterized by drought resistance and longevity under extreme conditions of southern Steppe. It forms a deep root system, leafy crown and forms a large amount of organic sediments. These properties make it an indispensable species for formation of soil-protective vegetation. Unfortunately, it is rarely used for afforestation of cliffs, ravines, river banks and reservoirs. The reason is that the harvests of Quercus Pubescens are rare, and there is not yet enough experience in growing of its planting material.
In order to rational use of rare harvest of Quercus Pubescens we studied the influence of the mass of acorns on the germination and growth energy of seedlings. We also indentified the form of smaller acorns which have the most favorable ratio of nutrients that influence on the development and growth energy in the initial period of seedlings’ life. The optimal conditions for growing seedlings in order to maximize the output of standard planting material were indentified as well.
Acorns of Quercus Pubescens have different shapes: cylindrical, oval, spindle, ellipsoid, shape of barbell, cask and inverse-pear. The biggest weight have acorns with cask shape (4,40 ± 0,17 g), followed by acorns with ellipsoid shape (4,02 ± 0,08 g). The smallest acorns have shape of barbell (2,23 ± 0,05 g) and spindle shape (1,72 ± 0,06 g). Acorns with other shapes occupy an intermediate position by weight. The practice showed that the mass of acorns doesn’t have significant effect on their germination, but the growth energy of seedling in the first two years is higher in case of the sowing large acorns and small ones with shape of barbell and spindle. It could be explained by the fact that, despite the small mass their cotyledons have the most favorable ratio of nutrients (nitrogen 0,53-0,74, 0,10-0,16 phosphorus, potassium 0,88-1,13, calcium 0,11-0,14, magnesium 0,07-0,09% based on dry matter) that influences on the development and growth energy in the initial period of seedlings’ life.
Planting material grows in a nursery garden for 2-3 years. For this purpose it is possible to use acorns in condition of productive maturity (in case of spring or autumn sowing), as well as acorns in condition of physiological maturity (in case of autumn sowing).
Autumn sowing at the depth of 7cm provides the germination 42,0 ± 4,73 %, and at the depth of 5 cm gives the germination 29,8 ± 3,53 %. At the end of the first vegetation period seedlings reach a height of 7,62 ± 0,29 - 7,83 ± 0,81 cm. At the end of the second vegetation period 17,93 ± 0,80 and 16,20 ± 0,68 cm respectively. Autumn sowing prolongs the vegetation period comparing with the spring one and also provides additional growth of seedlings.
Spring sowing increases a bit the germination of acorns. Thus, when the sowing depth is 5 cm the germination is 46,2 ± 3,27 % and when sowing depth is 7 cm the germination is 32,4 ± 2,68%. In the first case seedlings reaches the average height of 7,7 ± 0,28 cm at the end of the first vegetation period and 15,25 ± 0,45 cm at the end of the second vegetation period; in the second case - 5,66 ± 0,27 and 12 2 ± 0,88 cm respectively.
During the first 2-3 weeks after sowing of Quercus Pubescens its roots go deep intensively. After 30 days the pivotal roots reach 20-30 cm. At the end of the first vegetation period they go deep from 0,7 to 1,5 m and at the end of the second - from 0,9 to 2,4 m. Emergence of big quantity of lateral roots is observed after 2,5-3,0 weeks after acorns’ planting with sowing depth of 6-12 cm. That’s why roots’ trimming is better to do at the depth of 10-12 cm, at the time of appearance of 4 true leaves.
Sowing norm of acorns per meter affects on the germination of standard seedlings. In the spring sowing of 75-100 acorns per meter into a depth of 5 cm at the end of the second vegetation period 20-28 seedlings reach a height of 12,4-17,8 cm. Plating 50 and 125 acorns per meter reduces the germination of seedlings that can be planted in permanent place. In the first case, the germination of seedlings decreases due to the small number of sprouted acorns, in the second case because of high concentration of crops, and, in consequence, weakening of their development.
The study showed that the nutrient content in acorns’ cotyledons of different shapes is not the same. It is possible to use large acorns and small seeds with spindle shape and shape of barbell as well. Acorns in condition of physiological and harvest maturity can be used for growing a plant material. Acorns collected in a condition of physiological maturity should be sown in autumn. Acorns in a condition of harvest maturity are sown in autumn at a depth of 7 cm, and in spring it is better to sift at a depth of 5 cm. The best seeding rate of acorns is 75-100 pieces per meter. The best time of roots’ trimming at a depth of 10-12 cm is the period of formation of 4 true leaves.
Keywords: shape of acorns, nutrient content, seeding rate of acorns, enveloping depth, time trimming roots.
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