IMPACT OF CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE INDICATORS SOIL AGROPHYSICAL

Abstract

Setting objectives. Soil is the main means of production in agriculture. Meanwhile, under the influence of irrational human activities disturbed the normal functioning of agro-ecosystems, their self almost irreversible degradation and pollution (soil, water, air). The reason for these phenomena is the imperfection of technology, leading to deterioration of soil properties agrophysical including the negative impact on his fertility.

State to investigate. Published information indicates that the scientific support of machining directed to research optimal parameters influence its implementation to influence the effects of two types: temporary (phyto sanitary condition, growth and development of crops) and permanent (soil fertility, agrophysical, agro-chemical and biological parameters). In this regard, technological features sound processing system is  rotation, cultivation in differentiation on relations[considered   riznohlybynnist, rotation cultivation techniques soil over crops  time, minimizing. Thus, there are differences in the assessments of the ability of long-term use of arable land, including their impact on its agrophysical performance. Unsearchable soil physical reaction to the introduction of modern models of greening agriculture sector.

Objectives and methods. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of agriculture in the rotation on agrophysical indicators of soil. To determine the impact of agriculture on agrophysical figures were sugar beets. Studies conducted over the years 2002-2011. Agronomic research station at the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences, located in the Right-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine Kyiv region Fastiv district.

Soil research fields typical black soil humus serednosuhlynkovyy contains 4.2 - 4.5%, pH 7.0 - 7.2. The share of soil 2.6 g/cm³, the overall porosity of 50 - 55% of steady state equilibrium concentration of 2.17 - 2.25 g/cm³, the total moisture content of 38.4% moisture content field - 28% vlahoustoychyvyy in vyanennya - 10 %. Depth to groundwater5.6 m. Crop rotation is a typical forest-steppe zone with cultures: konyushynya- winter wheat - sugar beet - maize silage - winter wheat - corn - pea - winter wheat - sugar beet - barley.

Options stationary experiment selected three farming systems on the background of four different tillage. Farming systems selected for resource security. In industrial control (intensive) farming system priority was the use of agricultural chemicals industry on the planned harvest; the system of ecological agriculture, by contrast, was a priority use of natural resources - organic fertilizer (manure, crop remains syderalna weight) of compensating fertilizer and pesticide application criteria of eco - economic threshold the presence of pests; biological farming system focuses only on the use of natural resources with a complete rejection of agrochemicals. Dose of fertilizer per hectare of crop rotation in industrial agriculture amounted to 12 tons of organic fertilizer and300 kgNPK, for environmental - 24 t/ha of organic fertilizer and150 kgNPK, in a biological - only 24 t/ha of organic fertilizer.

In systems of ecological and biological farming method used in addition to the previous seed treatment specific integrated rotation microbial agents, NAAS Institute of Agroecology, fixation of nitrogen functions, fosformobilizatsiyi antagonist and plant diseases.

In the rotation for each farming system study four variants basic soil: 1) differentiated (control), which is recommended in the forest-steppe and provides rotation 6 oranok surface in two crops of winter wheat after peas and corn silage ploskoriznyy and one for barley under cultivation; 2) ploskoriznyy cultivation for all crops, in addition to surface soil under winter wheat after peas and corn silage; 3) polytsevo-bezpolytsevyy consisting of tier plowing under sugar beet, surface soil under winter wheat after peas and corn silage and ploskoriznyh rozpushuvan in other cultures; 4) surface soil all cultures.

We determined the density of arable land at a depth of 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 -30 cmby M. Kachynskoho; I. Savvynova soil structure; vodotryvkist method Baksheev; oblikovuvaly combine harvesting the crop directly from your site.

Results. One of the conditions to obtain high and stable yields of crops is the optimal density of topsoil, which largely depends on the methods and intensity of machining and integrated soil fertility index agrophysical.

Our results of soil density was not changed under the influence of agriculture, an important difference was due to tillage. This vitmityty, that model of ecological agriculture and biological systems there was a downward trend in the range 1.0 - 1.5% of the density of the soil, in our view, making high doses of organic fertilizers as compared with the control.

At the beginning of the growing season of sugar beet soil density ranged from 1.02 - 1.14 g/cm³, depending on the soil horizon and its treatment. During the growing season the top soil density increased, but differential and polytsevo-bezpolytsevyy not go beyond the most appropriate for this crop of 1.1 - 1.2 g/cm³. Amid ploskoriznoho and surface treatment was observed at a depth of 20-30 cm soil compaction above the optimal value, reaching 1.3 g/cm³.

During the harvest was a slight increase in density, which took place under the influence of tillage implements, precipitation and self-consolidation of the soil. The density of the top layer of soil in this period szawdylas within 1,18-1,32 g/cm³. At all stages of growth and development there is more soil compaction layers 10-20 and 20-30 cm in experiments with growing bezpolytsevymy finish. These systems are not made turning and mixing soil tillage implements. The highest soil density observed in a systematic and ploskoriznym surface treatment layer 20-30 cm (1.31 g/cm³), where more than twenty years, the soil does not rotate. However, the change in density was found in the arable soil layer should not be considered significant, since it does not go beyond statistical materiality criteria.

Application rotation polytsevo-bezpolytsevoho treatment helps optimize the density of the soil.

The structural condition of the soil is an important indicator of its fertility. For good soil structure best ensures the necessary conditions for plants in water and nutrients rechovyny

Structural different soil moisture content and high permeability, optimal porosity. It retains moisture and is less susceptible to the effects of deflation, it is typical for a favorable water-air and thermal regimes, which causes intense mobilization of nutrients and improves life flora.

An important argument favorable environmental conditions for soil environment plants are optimal structure of the soil in which valuable agronomic waterproof over 40% of its mass and velocity structure, more humus 1. These rates typically reach 50% or more 2. Our studies have shown a tendency to improve the physical condition of the soil under the influence of greening agriculture.

Established that tillage significantly affected the structural changes of the soil. The highest rate is observed in the structuring and use ploskoriznoho surface compared with the control.

The use of biological and ecological models of agriculture led to increased waterproof units (in 3,3-5,3%) compared to intensive agricultural model.

Highest vodotryvkist structural units as compared to control was noted with growing bezpolytsevym tillage.

Compatible performance factors such as humidity, mode nutrients agrophysical soil properties, differentiated according to the intensity of biological processes in it after each predecessor coupled with the impact of weather conditions, vegetation and ultimately provides access to crop rotation and productivity of arable land.

It is important to assess the adequacy of actual value of return resources. Able to economic, energy and economic point of view should be seen as a technology that provides actual yield at the resource provided its value. In our study, secured important resource productivity in the sugar beet industry and environmental variations was 40 t / ha, and its biological model of 35 t/ha.

Analysis of experimental data shows values of actual yield sufficient resource supply of sugar beets on a background study basic soil Industrial agriculture respectively 1.39, 1.36 and biological environmental 1.35. The analysis suggests that the highest yield and inherent resource providing opportunities for ecological agriculture polytsevo - growing bezpolytsevym in the rotation.

It is important to analyze the productivity of arable land in rotation.

To model the biological productivity of agriculture in arable crop rotation substantially inferior versions intensive system.

Culture react differently to tillage. His best option was polytsevo-bezpolytsevyy growing, which is much higher than that of differentiated tillage performance. Ploskoriznoho and surface treatment caused a significant reduction in the yield of crop rotation. Arguments with the exception of the growth of weeds, including soil compaction, set our observation.

Ecological farming system tends to decrease, and biological - a significant reduction compared to the control performance.

Conclusions

1. The ecological agriculture does not lead to a significant reduction in the productivity of arable land compared with the possibility of intensive farming.

2. The system polytsevo-bezpolytsevoho processing in the rotation right-bank forest-steppe creates the best conditions to optimize agrophysical medium-to black soil and provides the highest yield of sugar beet and rotation performance.