Influence of butters on water power levels of sugar beets

Abstract

The results of researches on determination of types of annual weeds in sugar beet crops in the conditions of the Kyiv region and the level of water absorption by plants, depending on their species, are presented. In the years of research (2015-2018), the largest volume of water absorption from the third decade of April to the second half of July was carried out by plants in sugar beet crops such  Amaranthus retroflexus L.- 37.38 l/m², Chenopodium album L.,- 37.41 l/m ², Echinochloa-crus-galli (L.) Pal.Beauv - 39.44 l/m², Setaria glauca (L .) Pal. Beauv - 20.36 l/m² and others.

Experimental studies have determined that from the beginning of the vegetation to the time of formation of the maximum mass of weeds absorbed from the soil during the years of research on an average of 245,3 l/m² of water. Such amount of water available to plants is sufficient for the formation of 58,1 t/ha of sugar beet root crops. An estimation of the competitive danger of wild plants in their ability to absorb moisture reserves in the soil in the process of vegetation and interaction of weeds and sugar beet plants is conducted.

 Key words: sugar beet, weeds, moisture, volumes of absorption of moisture.

Topicality. One of the irreplaceable factors of the existence of all forms of life is the presence of sufficient water. Water is also needed for representatives of the world of plants.

Agrarian production, which occurs primarily in the open air, requires a harmonious combination of all factors necessary for vegetation of the environment. Among them, a sufficient intensity of light energy, a favorable air and soil temperature, the availability of free air access, adequate mineral supply and the presence of sufficient amounts of available moisture [1, 2, 3, 4] are obligatory.

In virtually all forms of life and green plants, including water, the cells perform important functions: it is a universal solvent, a vehicle, a reagent of reactions of hydrolysis and synthesis, a thermoregulator, the environment in which biochemical reactions occur [4].

Traditionally, agricultural plants and weeds in the crops receive the necessary water from the soil. Water enters the plants through the living

root hairs cells, due to the available difference in the magnitude of osmotic pressure between the cytoplasm and the soil solution through the semipermeable biological membranes [5, 6].

For each species of plants, the need for water can be different. Most types of cultivated plants and weeds are mesophytes, that is, they require a normal level of soil moisture. In the process of ontogeny, the need for plants in water is changing. The generalized indices of the needs of plants in water are transpiration coefficients. For example, in soy plants, the transpiration factors are 570-600, in winter wheat 450-500, in sunflower 560-600, in beet sugar 380-450. In most types of weeds, the transpiration coefficients are high enough. For example, in  Chenopodium album L - 610 in a curd of   Amaranthus retroflexus L - 560,  Echinochloa-crus-galli (L.) Pal. Beauv 470. Vegetation of plants in the conditions of high air temperature, low parameters of its relative humidity and the effect of strong winds, enhances the processes of transpiration and, accordingly, the needs of plants in accessible water [6, 7].

In the process of vegetation and interaction of weeds and sugar beet plants, an assessment was made of the competitive danger of wild plants in their ability to absorb moisture in the soil.

The aim of the research was to determine the volume of water absorption by weeds as competitors for the production of sugar beet crops in the process of vegetation, as one of the indispensable factors for the vegetation of plants - water.

Conditions and methods of conducting research. The studies were field finely grounded. The experiments were located in Vasilkovsky district of the Kyiv region. The research was carried out in 2015-2018. The area of sown areas is 36 m², the area of the registration areas is 25 m^2, the repetition of the research is 4 times. In researches used seeds of a single-seeded worm - a hybrid of sugar beet "Alexandria".

On the control sites, where measures of protection against those present in the weeds were not carried out, they were able to freely vegetate in sugar beet crops and form their mass.

The records and observations of the crops in the experimental areas were carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Testing and Application of Pesticides Methodology (ed., Prof. S.O.Tribel, K .: (2001) [8, 9].

Volumes of soil moisture absorption by weed plants were carried out indirectly, according to the indicators of the amount of their mass accumulation by plants of each species. For the account of the magnitude of the accumulation of the aboveground mass of weeds in the timing of analyzes at the registration sites with an area of 0,25 m² in 4 places, placed diagonally in each section of the replication of the variant all available weeds in the crops were cut off near the surface of the soil. The cuttings were planted by weed species and weighed. From the mass samples of each weed we collected average webs (50 g) in 4-time repeats and placed them in the weights and weighed. After weighing, weeds were transferred to a thermal cabinet per day with a temperature of 115⁰C. After drying the weight of plants to constant weight, the weighbridges were weighed repeatedly and calculated the indices of dry matter content in the raw mass of weeds [10, 11].

The obtained dry weight indices of each weed species were multiplied by the indicators of transpiration coefficients of water use by each species of plants, which were previously investigated. The obtained values of water absorption by different types of weeds in accordance with the structure of accumulation of dry mass by weeds were summed up and average values of water absorption were obtained. Which were carried out in beet seeds of sugar weeds to a specific calendar date [12, 13, 14].

From the obtained indicators of volumes of water absorption by weeds, average values were determined over the years of research.

The course of research and discussion.

The nature of the disturbance of sugar beet crops during the years of research was mixed. In crops where weed protection measures were not implemented (option 1), the weeds had conditions for free vegetation. Sugar beet plants, especially since the beginning of vegetation, were too weak to be rivals of weeds as factors of life.

The weeds in these crops of sugar beet were represented primarily by the plants of the first year of the species: Chenopodium album L., Sinapis arvensis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Thlaspi arvense L., Solanum nigrum L., the Polygonum lapathifolium L., the Polygonum convolvulus L., the Echinochloa-crus-galli (L.) Pal.Beauv., Setaria glauca (L .) Pal. Beauv etc.

In later periods of a common vegetation (from the beginning of June), some of the weed plants overtaked sugar beet plants in terms of height and carried their leafy apparatus over the leaves of the culture, carrying out their shading.

Accumulation of the overland mass of weeds was very intense and in the second half of July reached its maximum. On average, over the years of research, the mass of weeds at the time of the record (July 20-24) amounted to an average of 2962 g / m² (tab.).

The presence of water in the tissues of the aboveground parts of the weed plants in the process of ontogenesis varied. If at the stage of the stairs (the first half of May) juvenile plants in their tissues had from 14 to 20% of dry matter, by mid-July, in the generative and senile stages of organogenesis, the dry matter content in the aboveground parts increased to 31 -36%. The rest of their mass was moist.

The amount of water absorbed by weed plants during their vegetation was determined according to the volumes of crude and dry mass formation and the determined pre-transpiration coefficients of the required amount of water to form a unit of dry weight of plants of a particular species.

Among the weed species present in the weed species, the largest part of the mass was found in plants of the Amaranthus retroflexus L.- 13.7%, Chenopodium album L. - 13.5%, Echinochloa –crus-galli (L.)Pal.Beauv. - 12.1%, Galinsoga parviflora Cav.- 7.6%, Polygonum laphatifolium L.-16.29% and others.

Table. Weight and volumes of water absorption by beet crops on average for 2015-2018.

Types of weeds	Mass  of weeds,g/m2	Weight structure,%	Volumes of water absorbed by weeds, l / m2
Thlaspi arvense L.	138	4,8	13,6
Sinapis arvensis L.	167	5,8	15,59
Polygonum convolvulus L.	194	6,8	14,00
Erigeron canadensis L.	195	6,8	15,13
Viola frvensis L.	37	1,3	3,86
Polygonum laphatifolium L.	210	7,4	16,29
Chenopodium album L.	386	13,5	37,41
Chenopodium hibridum L.	154	5,4	16,59
Amaranthus retroflexus L.	393	13,7	37,38
Echinochloa –crus-galli (L.)	345	12,1	29,44
Setaria glauca (L.)	288	10,1	20,36
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.	216	7,6	15,29
Other types	137	4,7	10,32
Weeds all	2860	100,0	245,26
Nir 0.05	116

Total volumes of absorption by plants of each type of water weeds from the soil in the process of vegetation gradually increased and reached its maximum during the flowering period of plants. After flowering, the intensity of water absorption by plants decreased and practically ceased at the end of the senile stage of organogenesis. Plants that have completed the entire life cycle (ontogeny) gradually died and dried up. Such a process was accompanied by shedding and the spread of fruits and seeds. Most types of weeds present in sugar beet crops are baroque species. These include: white Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium hibridum L, Thlaspi arvense L., Solanum nigrum L., Sinapis arvensis L. Polygonum laphatifolium L, Polygonum convolvulus L., Echinochloa – crus-galli (L.), Setaria glauca (L.). To the anemohorous species of weeds: the Erigeron canadensis L., the Sonchus oleracea L., and others.

In sugar beet crops, the largest volume of water absorption by the second half of July was carried out by plants, curds of the Amaranthus retroflexus L.- 37.38 l / m², Chenopodium album L.- 37.41 l / m², Echinochloa –crus-galli (L.)- 29,44 l / m², Setaria glauca (L.)- 20,36 l / m², Chenopodium hibridum L.-16,59 l / m² and others.

From the beginning of the vegetation to the time of formation of the maximum mass of weeds absorbed from the soil during the years of research on an average of 245.3 l/m² water. This amount of water available to plants is sufficient to form sugar beet sugar beet root sugar of 58 tonnes per hectare.

Weeds are powerful competitors for sugar beet crops, not only for energy of light, mineral nutrition, but also for the availability of moisture in the soil. The main volume of water of the weed plant absorbs in the first half of the warm period of the year, that is, before the time when the plants of the culture will need a maximum moisture for the formation of crop roots (July, August).

Elimination of powerful water consumers, the volumes of which are necessary for sugar beet plants to ensure their normal vegetation, is a prerequisite for obtaining a high level of root crop yield.

Conclusions

1. In the process of joint vegetation of beet sugar and weeds, the negative influence of their presence manifests itself in a variety of ways. Weeds not only compete for the energy of light and mineral nutrition, but in the first half of the growing season, they absorb water to 245.3 liters / m² of water. Sugar beet plants receive significant constraints in accessible moisture, which is necessary for the formation of crop roots.

2. Effective control of weed stands in sugar beet crops allows for a more rational use of the scarce resource of the environment - water for the processes of growth and development of cultivated plants.