The development of cucumber plants of the sowing bee pollen hybrid Janos f1 depending on the level of mineral nutrition

Abstract

Topicality. Cucumber is one of the most widely spread vegetables inUkraine. Annually, the area of his crops in our country occupies from 55 to 70 thousand hectares. However, the yield is low at 10 - 13 t/ha, which does not fully meet the needs of the population and the processing industry. To increase the yield, an extremely important issue is the optimization of plant nutrition conditions, which will ensure their proper development.

Goal. Determine the effect of fertilizers on the biometric indices of cucumber plants of the crop bee pollen hybrid Janos F₁ for droplet irrigation in the conditions of the eastern forest-steppe ofUkraine. Determine the biometric indices of plants that influence the formation of commodity yields of fruits.

Methods. Experiments were conducted during 2014 -2016 in the eastern part of the left-bank forest-steppe ofUkraine. The soil of the experimental part of chernozem is typical of low-humus heavy gravel on loess loam. The content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium is elevated. Fertilizers in the experiment were introduced locally under pre-sowing cultivation in the form of nitroamofoski, potassium chloride, superphosphate of granular and organic fertilizers Agrovit-Kor (ecologically safe, natural fertilizer, made from manure, peat, straw, etc.).

The experiment used the early-seeded bee pollen hybrid Janos F₁. Experiments were carried out in accordance with "Methodology of research in vegetable and melon". The content of the moving forms of nutrients was determined in the phase of the third true leaf of plants and at the beginning of fruiting in accordance with generally accepted methods.

Biometric indices were determined in dynamics: in the phase of 4 true leaves (length of the main stem, number of leaves and their area); in the phase of mass flowering and fruiting (length of the main stem, number of leaves, their area, number of first-order shoots). The area of the leaf surface was determined by the weight method.

Results. Application of fertilizers increases the content of nitrates in the soil throughout the period of vegetation of cucumber. The largest amount of nitrates in the arable soil layer (0-30 cm) was noted for the introduction of N₃₀P₆₀K₄₅ locally 75.9 mg/kg of soil, for the first sampling period. In the phase of mass fruiting, their content was at the level of 76.8 mg/kg of soil. The content of ammonium nitrogen for the first selection period was 17.7 - 63.6 mg/kg of soil. Prior to fruiting, its contents increased. The highest content of ammoniacal nitrogen is observed in variants using Agrovit-Kor fertilizers - 44.9-60.8 mg / kg. Increasing the content of ammonia nitrogen, in our opinion, is associated with ammoniation processes.

Dynamics of mobile forms of phosphorus in comparison with nitrogen had a less manifestation. For fertilizers, the content of mobile phosphorus increased by 13.3 - 28.3%. The highest content of phosphorus is indicated on the standard - 145 mg/kg. At the beginning of fruiting plants, its content is reduced.

The content of potassium at the beginning of the vegetation cultivation was 176 - 187 mg / kg. For the introduction of N₃₀Р₆₀К₄₅ its content increased by 12 mg/kg to control and amounted to - 187 mg/kg. At the beginning of fruiting, fertilized areas increased its content by 7 - 16 mg/kg compared with the first sampling period. The greatest increase in the content of potassium compounds was noted for the use of Agrovit-Kor. That had a positive effect on the development of plants and the formation of cucumber fruit.

The conducted biometric observations determined that in the phase of 4 leaves of the cucumber plant, the largest length of the shoots was recorded on the control (without fertilizers) - 19.1 cm. In other variants, the length of the main shoot was lower by 0.8 - 2.6 cm. The shortest shoots were marked in plants from the reference variant - 16,5 cm. The number of leaves per plant did not depend on fertilization and amounted to 4.5 pcs. Instead, their area varied considerably. In the phase of 4 leaves the area of the leaf surface both on the control (without fertilizers) and on the standard (N₃₀P₆₀K₄₅) was on the same level and amounted to 202 - 197 cm². Some reduction in the length of the stem and the area of the leaf surface on the standard regarding the control can be explained by the reaction of plants to high salt concentration, which was formed as a result of local fertilization. A significant increase in the area of the leaf surface is marked by the combined introduction of Agrovit-Kor with mineral fertilizers and the use of N₃₀Р₂₄К₂₄ - 236 - 250 cm².

In the phase of mass flowering, an increase in the length of the main stem in the 4.6-6.0 times compared with the previous measurement period was noted. The highest growth rates were observed in the standard where the length of the shoots increased to 98.5 cm, which is significantly higher than control. Significant increase in the length of the main shoal was noted for Agrovit-Kor introduction of 1.5 t / ha (103.8 cm), and for using Agrovit-Kor 1.5 t / ha + N₃₀Р₂₄К₂₄ (98.3 cm). For the introduction of fertilizers relative to control, the number of leaves (by 34.3% - 77.9%) and their area (by 9.0% - 40.3%) are significantly higher. Significant increase in the number of leaves and their area to the standard was noted for Agrovit-Kor use of 1.5 t/ha (32.1 pc., 2902 cm²) and Agrovit-Kor with the application of mineral fertilizers (32.4 - 36.3 pc ., 2798 cm²). For fertilizers, the number of lateral shoots increased. The greatest number of them was formed on the standard (2.9 pcs.) And for Agrovit-Kor input of 1.5 t/ha + N₃₀Р₂₄К₂₄ (3.1 pcs.). According to the results of the correlation analysis, it was established that the formation of lateral shoots depends on the supply of plants with phosphorus           (r = 0,76) and potassium (r = 0,65) at the beginning of the vegetation.

Before the phase of mass fruiting, the length of the main shoots in the plants of the hybrid Janos F1 increased to 128 - 170 cm. The largest number of leaves was noted on the standard - 51.9 pcs., For Agrovit-Kor 1.5 t/ha - 56.7 pcs. and for the use of Agrovit-Kor 1.5 t/ha + N₃₀Р₂₄К₂₄ - 64.8 units, which provided the largest area of leaves per plant - 6109, 6185 and 6403 cm². In these variants, there is an increase in the number of lateral shoots whose number in relation to control (4 pcs.) Increased by 0.7 - 1.9 pcs. It has been established that the number of lateral shoots on the plant has an average correlation with the content of potassium exchange (r = 0.45) and mobile phosphorus (r = 0.69) in the beginning of the vegetation.

The level of plant development had a direct impact on the crop yield of the cucumber of the bee pollen hybrid Janos F₁. On average, during the years of the experiment, the highest commodity yield of fruits ensured the introduction of Agrovit-Kor 1.5 t/ha + N₃₀Р₂₄К₂₄ - 35.9 t/ha. The increase in the crop yields for the co-fertilization of fertilizers was 49.6% for the control (without fertilizers), the standard (N₃₀P₆₀K₄₅) was 14.3%.

It was established that the level of commercial yield of cucumber fruit has a direct close relationship with the number of leaves and the area of the leaf surface on the plant (r = 0.95), as well as a close direct connection with the number of first-order shoots (r = 0.94 ).

Conclusions and perspectives. According to the results of the research, it was found that fertilizing improves the nutritional status of the soil, as indicated by an increase in the content of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium both in the phase of formation of the third true leaf and at the beginning of fruiting. According to the results of the data analysis, the mathematical relationship between the number in the period of mass flowering and fruiting of lateral shoots and the availability of plants at the beginning of vegetation by mobile phosphorus (r = 0.69 - 0.76) and exchangeable potassium      (r = 0.45-0.65). Biometric indices have been established that play an important role in the formation of commercial yield of cucumber seeding bee pollen hybrid    Janos F₁. The correlation analysis revealed a mathematical relationship between the fruit yield and the number of leaves, the leaf area on the plant (r = 0.95), and the number of first-order side shoots (r = 0.94). The highest commodity yield of cucumber provides for the joint use of Agrovit-Kor 1.5 t/ha + N₃₀R₂₄K₂₄ 35.9 t/ha, on average, over the years of the experiment, an increase in commodity yields for the use of fertilizers was 49.6% relative to control, standard 14.3%.