Noise smoothing in the temperature measurement channel of the PID controller
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/energiya3(85).2026.026Keywords:
PID controller, automatic control, temperature, measurement error, control action, noise level, smoothingAbstract
The main task of most automatic control systems is to automatically maintain a set temperature by controlling the heating. The deviation-based control principle with a negative feedback loop is commonly used. Control quality is assessed by dynamic criteria, the primary one being the control time that must be minimized by properly selecting the control algorithm and tuning its parameters. The proportional-integral-differential (PID) control algorithm is typically employed because it is close to the theoretically achievable ideal for real thermal objects. The differentiating channel of the PID algorithm amplifies high-frequency noise (including random temperature measurement errors), making this factor significant and disruptive. The possibility of reducing the noise level of the control action (heating power) by smoothing noise in the temperature measurement channel was investigated. An exponential smoothing algorithm (first-order aperiodic block) was selected as the smoothing filter. The study was conducted experimentally using a laboratory system for programmed automatic temperature control of a drying oven with electric heating; the algorithm was implemented in software on a microcontroller. Attempts to reduce the noise of the control action by smoothing the signal in the temperature measurement channel were unsuccessful — the root-mean-square and peak noise values at the controller output were practically unchanged. Therefore, the use of additional signal smoothing in the temperature measurement channel for automatic control systems with the PID algorithm is not recommended. If necessary, noise can be reduced only by increasing the time constant of the primary smoothing in the differentiating channel of the PID controller, at the cost of deteriorated control quality.
Recieved: 23.02.2026. Recieved: 15.05.2026. Accepted: 22.06.2026
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