Productivity of 20 year plants columnar apple-type under the conditions of Kyiv region
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/dopovidi2022.05.003Keywords:
columnar apple, sort, productivity, organogenesis, morphology, climateAbstract
Differentiation of generative buds is one of the most important biological processes of plant transition from vegetative to generative state. The study of the productivity of apple trees in the process of its formation, by analyzing the formation of rudimentary organs and their successive development into vegetative and generative organs, which are elements of productivity, allows to establish the features of this process in complex fruit formations of different ages. Knowing the level of influence of meteorological factors on the passage of II-XII stages of organogenesis, we can recommend more specific soil and climatic conditions for growing columnar varieties. Plants of columnar varieties of apple differ from traditional almost complete absence of lateral branching, the formation of crops on simple and complex rings (fruit formations), which are located on the trunk of the tree, as well as dwarf growth, early fruiting and high yields.
In the studies, trees of columnar varieties on medium-sized rootstock 54-118 differed significantly in height, trunk diameter, crown width and density of fruit formations on the trunk. As the height of the trees increases, the number of fruit formations on the plant increases, resulting in an increase in the potential for higher yields.
Considering the realization of reproductive potential in stages, we noted changes in the participation of different age areas of the trunk (complex rings) in the formation of the actual harvest. In the conditions of Kyiv region, columnar apple cultivars react differently to environmental conditions at certain stages of organogenesis. The efficiency of differentiation of generative buds of columnar varieties is influenced in one way or another by meteorological factors. For introduced varieties, the increase in the level of Σaсtt≥10, precipitation and average daily air temperature has a negative effect on the formation of generative potential at III-IV stages of organogenesis, as evidenced by the high negative correlation between the ratio of generative buds to their total number and these factors (r > -0.80–0.96). The influence of these meteorological factors on the varieties of Ukrainian selection is weak and moderate, which indicates the best adaptive properties of these varieties. The influence of the age of the trunk on the formation of plant productivity is minimal or absent (from 0 to 3%).
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