ECOLOGICAL FEATURES, TAXONOMIC AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE PLANTED OF SLOPES SYRETSKA DENDROLOGICAL AND ITS SURROUNDINGS IN KIEV

Abstract

Creating a favorable microclimate, combating water and wind erosion, consolidation of soils on steep slopes, cleaning the air from industrial and transport pollutants, deposition of dust, noise absorption, recreation, preservation of aesthetic and historical environment - that's not all useful functions that perform greenery as an essential component of the urban environment. The success and completeness of these functions depends on the area and the health and sustainability of plantations on the slopes under unfavorable urban environment. That is why the problem of conservation, optimization of species, spatial and age structure, improving the sanitary condition at this time does not lose its relevance.

In the system of planting important cities remain parkland, whose share in areas lisopokrytyh Kyiv is significant. One of the most famous parks of Kyiv is Syretsky Park, created in 1875. Today, this arboretum area of 6.5 hectares known not only as a popular holiday destination, but also a scientific institution, where the considerable work on introduction of plants, processed advanced techniques and technology landscape construction , education and educational activities. Much of it and the surrounding area falls on slopes that are protective zone of the park.

The aim - to analyze species and spatial structure, status, opportunities restore vegetation on these slopes, studying their characteristics of soil and meteorological regime.

Much of the park and surrounding area is on a slope lands annually exposed to the negative impact of environmental factors and erosion. These slopes are characterized by different exposure and krutyz-term, microrelief features, species and spatial structure of vegetation, edaphic and microclimatic conditions, the degree of erosion.The object of the research were planting adjacent territory on different slopes Syretskiy park. Research conducted in the summer of 2015. We have laid the 6 plots (the PP) in different parts of the slopes that reflect topography, exposure, degree of erosion and standard stands.

PP №1 (top of slope) and PP №2 (lower part of the slope) located in the south-eastern part of the Syrets Park. The exposition of the slope North, slope 20º-30º, which is characterized as very steep. Soil gray forest, in the lower part of the slope (PP №2) soil alluvial, clay. The acidity of the soil in these plots slightly acidic or close to neutral (pH 6.5 - 6,7), total water capacity of 44.4-57.3 per cent. Fragments present in the soil cover. In the upper part of the slope (PP №1) is the common oak, hornbeam, birch, and poplar. There is satisfactory renewal of the maples. Type of forest growing conditions В₃С₃ (wet Subari and saudubray). Woody vegetation in the lower part of the slope are represented: oak, hornbeam and solitary pine, which are edificatory fresh forest conditions В_3-4С_3-4. At the foot of the slope observed discharge of groundwater to the surface, in this regard, there are various willow and alder.

PP №3 (upper part) and PP №4 (bottom) lies on the South-Western slope. Its slope ranges from 10º to 15º, which is characterized as strongly sloping slopes. Due to the small steepness of slope and relatively low degree of erosion of the existing soil cover. Soil PP №3 forest gray, light mechanical composition, powerful. The soil reaction is slightly acidic (pH of 6.4), the total water capacity of 38.9%. Soil PP №4 light-gray forest. The soil reaction is neutral (pH of 6.9), total water capacity is 41.2%. The type of forest growth conditions PP №3 С₃ (wet Subari), PP №4 C_3-4 (wet and damp Subari). Tiered plantings in the first tier, oak, hornbeam, linden, the second layer - hornbeam. Observed the presence of a dense undergrowth of linden and hornbeam.

Woody vegetation PP №4 represented by hornbeam and linden. At the foot of the slope is found swamping of the territories, species diversity is complemented by alder. The renewal is observed only hornbeam and maple.

PP № 5 (lower part) and PP № 6 (upper part) have a North-Eastern exposure. The overall slope of PP №5 of 9 – 10º, what is classed as downhill, the elements of the microrelief (gullies and ravines). The relief of the PP №6 is characterized by more steep slopes (35-40º), cut horizontal artificial terrace. The soil cover on PP №5 is missing, and in PP №6 presents a variety of grass types. Soil PP №5 according to the type of gray forest, the soil reaction is neutral (pH 7.0), total water capacity of 39.7%.

 On PP №6 of the gray forest soil reaction slightly acid (pH 6.0), total water capacity is 40.7 % .Type of forest growing conditions on PP №5 B_4-5 (wet and damp subor), PP №6 C _3-4 (wet and damp subor). Plantations on PP №5 shows in the first tier poplar, singl pine (in the hills), willow white; the second tier consists of hornbeam, linden, black alder and maple. Existing underbrush and forest updates. On PP №6 grows hornbeam, lime, willow, in the second tier of grab and single the gums.

Unexplored questions remain weather regime, which is formed in the space. Measurements of meteorological parameters we carried out during the period of greatest development of the leaf surface the main types lautoroute (third decade of July) from 11 to 13 hours of day light and calm weather. For PP №1 and №2 the reference values were: coverage of 68,4 thousand Lux, the temperature is 35,6 °C, relative humidity of 43.4 %. For samples 3-6, the lighting was 68.2 thousand Lux, the temperature of 43.7 °C and humidity of 22.4 %. The most blackout was PP №6, where the lighting was slightly more than 1/10 of the total value, and niocle was unpaved, the surface point No. 3, where the lighting made up 64.5% of the control. In other samples the level of coverage ranged from 19.5 to 52.6 %.The background temperature at the level of the soil surface was below the reference values of 4.5 and 7.6°C, relatively uniform and ranged from 71,2 (PP №5), 78,7 % (PP №1) from the control.

Relative humidity for all sample plots was significantly higher than in the open field. The absolute values of this index varied considerably in different samples and ranged from 44.1 (PP №3) up to 64.0 % (PP №2). Quite high values of relative humidity for PP №1 and №2, and the corresponding control is also due to the direct blisks-bye the Creek Raw, in a beam which creates local conditions of low temperatures and high humidity.

Thus, the analysis of meteorological data shows that they are largely determined by the position of plots (exposure and relative altitude), the elements of relief, steepness of slopes and the characteristics of the vegetation. The Northern slopes are characterized by lower insolation and consequently temperature and high humidity. These cancellations-ness is most noticeable on the test areas that are on lower parts of slopes. lanting of these areas (PP №2 and 5) are usually relatively diverse species composition (including water-loving species of willow and alder), complex spatial structure, a high density, better health and recovery.

The forest slopes of southern exposure are largely concerned with local environmental conditions, but here in the species composition is dominated by plants of the more arid ggroups. Natural regeneration is present on all sample plots and is dedicated to the most illuminated parts.

The soil cover, generally represented fragmentarily. His presence and species composition is determined by local environmental conditions, steepness of slopes and, consequently, the degree of anodirovanie. His presence and species composition is determined by local environmental conditions, steepness of slopes and, consequently, the degree of anodirovanie. The soil is dominated by grey forest medium and light mechanical composition, at the foot of the slopes, gleyed clay loam. The soil reaction in all sample areas close to neutral; water capacity from 39.7 to 57.3 per cent. Edfn such conditions are quite satisfactory for these plantings.

Species composition of woody plants represented by native species and could be expanded. Spatial patterns of forest stands on steep slopes are mostly single storey, on the less steep slopes of the bunk with undergrowth dense enough. Improvement proterozic sustainability of plantations is possible due to the enrichment of the species composition based on local environmental characteristics of the territory, creation of conditions to promote the formation and improvement of the quality of the undergrowth, improvement of their sanitary condition.