Restoration of characteristicity of chernozema and professionality of culture in the right of the right border lines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/dopovidi2018.03.017Abstract
The main directions of reducing the mechanical and chemical loading on soils and the implementation of the principles of the return of nutrients and organic matter used in the cultivating process are the minimization of soil tillage and the biologization of agricultural systems. The application of measures for minimization and biologization in chernozems indicates the stabilization of the humus state, increases biological activity, restores the cycles of soil processes and mechanisms of their self-regulation, increases the efficiency of growing crops. The article presents the results of the study of the influence of different systems of soil tillage and fertilizer on the fertility of chernozem podzolic of Right Bank Forest Steppe. In the productivity of crops in the line of short crop rotation peas - winter wheat - sugar beet. According to the results of the study, it has been found that the restoration of fertility of chernozem podzolic is only due to the introduction of organo-mineral fertilizers in the form of straw, green manures and mineral fertilizers in the rate N110P61K118 or the updated rate of mineral fertilizers +8 tons of manure in combination with the use of straw and green manures.
The results of the study indicate that fertilizers as a "real" factor in soil fertility restoration are more effective than the "technological" presented by the soil tillage system. Particularly effective is the introduction of organo-mineral fertilizers with straw and green manures or manure. The use of green manures was effective for the restoration of humus only when they were placed in the upper layer of soil for combined tillage. Under such a system of soil tillage, even without fertilizers or only with mineral fertilizer in the upper layer of 0-30 cm there is a significant increase in the content of humus compared to plowing. For the application of organo-mineral fertilizer, the advantage of combined tillage increases, especially in the upper layers.
The nutritional regime of chernozem podzolic had the same patterns, as well as the content of humus, for variants of the researches. The availability of mineral nitrogen and mobile phosphorus in the upper layer of chernozem podzolic was high, exchangeable potassium - elevated and high. For fertilizing, the content of nutrients on all experimental variants and soil layers has increased, and especially intensively, in the upper layer of soil 0-30 cm for combined tillage.
The use of loosening for a combined system of cultivating soil in crop rotation has contributed to the conservation of organic matter of soil and better humus formation and improved nutrient mode of soil.
Crop productivity increased for mineral and organic fertilizers, and soil tillage systems significantly less affected crop yields. The collection of feed units especially increased on variants with the applying of mineral fertilizers, straw and green manures and a half rate of mineral fertilizers in combination with manure, straw and green manures. Under the plowing system of soil tillage, the increase in average yield plant in the year was 2.20 and 3.20 t/ha respectively, and 2.59 and 3.17 t/ha respectively for combined cultivation. In modern conditions, the optimal fertilizer variant, which allows to restore the fertility of chernozem podzolic and increase the productivity of the line of crop rotation peas - winter wheat - sugar beet is the applying of the full norm of mineral fertilizers N110P61K118 in combination with the use of straw and green manures.
Key words: chernozem, restoration of soil fertility, humus, crop rotation productivity
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